The relationship between histologic chorioamnionitis and decidual macrophage polarization and their influence on outcomes of neonates born before the 32nd gestational week

Acute chorioamnionitis is characterized by neutrophilic infiltration and inflammation at the maternal fetal interface. It is a relatively common complication of pregnancy and can have devastating consequences including preterm labor, maternal infections, fetal infection/inflammation, fetal lung, brain, and gastrointestinal tract injury. In this review, we will discuss current understanding of the pathogenesis, immunobiology, and mechanisms of this condition. Most commonly, acute chorioamnionitis is a result of ascending infection with relatively low-virulence organisms such as the Ureaplasma species. Furthermore, recent vaginal microbiome studies suggest that there is a link between vaginal dysbiosis, vaginal inflammation, and ascending infection. Although less common, microorganisms invading the maternal-fetal interface via hematogenous route (e.g., Zika virus, Cytomegalovirus, and Listeria) can cause placental villitis and severe fetal inflammation and injury. We will provide an overview of the knowledge gleaned from different animal models of acute chorioamnionitis and the role of different immune cells in different maternal-fetal compartments. Lastly, we will discuss how infectious agents can break the maternal tolerance of fetal allograft during pregnancy and highlight the novel future therapeutic approaches.

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“…During IUI, decidual macrophage numbers increase (84), with a predominance of M2-like phenotype in humans (120). Similar…”

Section: Monocytes/macrophagesmentioning

confidence: 79%

Immunobiology of Acute Chorioamnionitis

2020

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“…and iNOS serve as markers for polarized M1 macrophages while CD163, CD206 and Arginase as markers for M2 macrophages. 22,23 Compared with THP- 1E). In summary, we successfully isolated EVs from THP-1, M1 and M2 macrophages.…”

Section: Mir-365 Is Highly Expressed In M2-evs and M2-evs Promotes Mi...mentioning

confidence: 97%

Retracted: miR‐365 secreted from M2 Macrophage‐derived extracellular vesicles promotes pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma progression through the BTG2/FAK/AKT axis

et al. 2021

J Cellular Molecular Medi

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Clinical and experimental evidence indicates that tumour‐associated macrophages support cancer progression. Moreover, macrophage‐derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are involved in pathogenesis of multiple cancers, yet the functions of molecular determinants in which have not been fully understood. Herein, we aim to understand whether macrophage modulates pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) progression in an EV‐dependent manner and the underlying mechanisms. microRNA (miR)‐365 was experimentally determined to be enriched in the EVs from M2 macrophages (M2‐EVs), which could be transferred into PDAC cells. Using a co‐culture system, M2‐EVs could enhance the proliferating, migrating and invading potentials of PDAC cells, while inhibition of miR‐365 in M2‐EVs could repress these malignant functions. B‐cell translocation gene 2 (BTG2) was identified to be a direct target of miR‐365, while the focal adhesion kinase (F/ATP)‐dependent tyrosine kinase (AKT) pathway was activated by miR‐365. We further demonstrated that overexpression of BTG2 could delay the progression of PDAC in vitro, whereas by impairing BTG2‐mediated anti‐tumour effect, M2‐EV‐miR‐365 promoted PDAC progression. For validation, a nude mouse model of tumorigenesis was established, in which we found that targeting M2‐EV‐miR‐365 contributed to suppression of tumour growth. Collectively, M2‐EVs carry miR‐365 to suppress BTG2 expression, which activated FAK/AKT pathway, thus promoting PDAC development.

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“…Bacterial products, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) would be expected to induce a classical activation pattern (termed M1) in macrophages (34). Perhaps surprisingly resident maternal decidual macrophages, showed a switch toward an alternatively activated (M2) polarization in API, while fetal macrophages resident in the terminal villi were primarily M2 at baseline, which was unaffected by clinical chorioamnionitis (35,36). Clinical chorioamnionitis is associated with a change in umbilical cord monocyte histone marks, suggesting reprogramming of the fetal immune system as well (37).…”

Section: Immunology Of Apimentioning

confidence: 99%