The relationship between macrolide resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae and consumption of oral macrolides in Republic of Croatia and City of Zagreb

Abstract

Background: The T.E.S.T. program determined the in vitro activity against methicillinresistant S. aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. of TIG and 10 antimicrobials commonly prescribed for serious grampositive infections: amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (AUG), piperacillin-tazobactam (PT), levofloxacin (LVX), ceftriaxone (CAX), linezolid (LZD), minocycline (MIN), vancomycin (VAN), ampicillin (AMP), penicillin (P), and meropenem (MER). Study strains were collected from 697 laboratories in 55 countries globally throughout 2004-2009.Methods: A total of 27,846 clinical isolates (10,806 enterococci, 17,040 S. aureus) were identified to the species level at each participating site and confirmed by a central laboratory. Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) were determined by the local laboratory using broth microdilution panels. Antimicrobial resistance was interpreted according to CLSI breakpoints with TIG susceptible breakpoints defined as <0.5 mcg/ml for S. aureus and <0.25 mcg/ml for enterococci.Results: 12.8% (1,381/10,806) of enterococci were resistant to vancomycin (VRE), and 42.1% (7,174/17,040) of S. aureus were resistant to oxacillin (MRSA). Among the vancomycin resistant E. faecium (VREF), % resistant rates to other study drugs were LVX 99.

Anti-<i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i> Activity of Selected Medicinal Plant Extracts Used in Thai Traditional Medicine

“…Bacteria that cause URTIs should be taken and cultured to determine the particular type of bacteria and antibiotics treatment are performed if necessary [2]. However, unnecessary and irrational selfmedication with antibiotics seems to be common for URTIs [3,4] and these result in resistance to many bacteria including S. pyogenes [5,6]. Antibiotic misuse for URTIs is a serious problem that not only results in selection of resistant strains of bacteria but also waste of resources.…”