“…Approximately 9.2% and 32.6% of mothers gave birth without the assistance of healthcare workers, as found in this research and the 2017 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey, respectively ( Tari and Andriani, 2022 ). Although this condition can occur due to several factors ( Kumbani et al, 2013 ), the risk of health problems during and after childbirth is still very high.…”