“…The studies have been integrated by employing the same index of religiosity--the Francis Scale of Attitude toward Christianity--in either the junior (Francis, 1989) or adult form . Within the United Kingdom, studies have been conducted among 8-11 year olds (Robbins, Francis, & Gibbs, 1995), 11 year olds (Francis, Lankshear, & Pearson, 1989), 12-16 year olds (Kay, 1981;Francis, Pearson, & Kay, 1983a.. 1983bFrancis & Montgomery, 1992), 15-16 year olds (Francis, Pearson, Carter, & Kay, 1981a, 1981bFrancis & Pearson, 1985a, 1985b, 1988Francis, 1992), 16-18 year olds (Wilcox & Francis, 1997;Fearn, 1999;Francis & Fearn, 1999), and among adults (Francis & Bennett, 1992: Francis, 1991White, Joseph, & Neil, 1995;Carter, Kay, & Francis, 1996). Studies have also been conducted in Australia and Canada , Northern Ireland (Lewis & Joseph, 1994), Republic of Ireland (Maltby, 1997;Maltby & Lewis, 1997) and the United States (Lewis & Maltby, 1995;Maltby, Talley, Cooper, & Leslie, 1995).…”