The Relationship Between Resilience and Sleep Quality During the Second Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Longitudinal Study

Abstract

Purpose Previous studies showed poor sleep quality during the first Italian lockdown consequent to the quick spread of the virus. Poor sleep quality remained stable during the so-called “second wave”, which started in Autumn 2020. This study aimed to compare sleep quality between the two waves of contagions and to examine the effect of resilience, together with sociodemographic and COVID-related variables, on sleep quality during the second wave. Patients and Methods A total of 648 participated in this longitudinal study through an online survey during the first lockdown consequent to the COVID-19 and during the second wave. The Medical Outcomes Study—Sleep Scale (MOS-SS) and the Resilience Scale (RS) were administered. Sociodemographic and COVID-related information were also collected. Results The results showed sleep quality slightly increased in the second wave, even though with a small effect size. Correlational analysis showed that resilience is inversely correlated with sleep quality measured in the two waves. Sleep quality during the second wave was positively correlated with sleep quality in the first lockdown. Likewise, the results of multiple regression revealed that the sleep quality in the first lockdown and resilience were significant predictors of sleep quality during the second wave. Conclusion These findings highlighted that the prevalence of poor sleepers remained high during the second wave. Together with the sleep quality in the first lockdown, resilience represents an important factor related to sleep quality during the second wave. Interventions to improve sleep quality among the general population should take into account these findings.

The Oneiric Activity during and after the COVID-19 Total Lockdown in Italy: A Longitudinal Study

“…It should be noted that we did not send reminders to the individuals after inviting them to participate in the second survey, likely limiting the number of participants. Our final percentage of respondents at the follow-up (i.e., 21.3%) is similar to other longitudinal sleep studies during the pandemic [ 9 , 34 , 83 ].…”

Subjective sleep alterations in healthy subjects worldwide during COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression

“…We cannot exclude other factors, such as individuals' resilience, to impact on the relationship between GSI and sleep quality [ 206 ]. Indeed, some results highlighted that people experienced reduced ability to adapt well in the period of low restrictions (second wave of the pandemic) then the total lockdown [ 207 ].…”

Psychological resilience mediates the association of the middle frontal gyrus functional connectivity with sleep quality

“…Given the importance of psychological resilience in predicting sleep quality and the relevance of MFG in both psychological resilience and sleep quality, we hypothesized that psychological resilience may mediate the link between MFG connectivity and sleep quality. In summary, previous behavioral studies have discovered the predictive role of psychological resilience in sleep quality (Edwards et al, 2017;Lenzo et al, 2022;Segovia et al, 2013) and neuroimaging research has investigated the role of MFG in psychological resilience based on the brain structural research. However, the MFG connectivity in psychological resilience based on functional research and how the neurobiological link between psychological resilience and sleep quality is not well known.…”

“…The capacity to deal effectively with stress and actively with di culties in life is called psychological resilience (Smith et al, 2010), which is also regarded as a stable trait (Daniels et al, 2011;Jacelon, 1997;Waugh et al, 2011). An abundance of studies discovered the positively predictive role of psychological resilience in sleep quality (Arora et al, 2022;Edwards et al, 2017;Lenzo et al, 2022;Segovia et al, 2013).…”