The Relationship between Simple Snoring and Metabolic Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Purpose. This cross-sectional study was performed to assess the relationship between simple snoring and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Methods. A total of 5635 participants including 300 healthy volunteers without snoring allegedly were initially included from 2007 to 2016. Polysomnographic variables, anthropometric measurements, and biochemical indicators were collected. The polynomial linear trend test was used to assess the linear trend across snoring intensity for metabolic score, and logistic regression was used to evaluate the odds ratios (ORs) for MetS after controlling for age, sex, obesity, smoking status, and alcohol consumption. Results. The final study population consisted of 866 participants. Simple snorers showed more severe metabolic disorders and higher prevalence of MetS than nonsnorers. A significant linear trend was observed between snoring intensity and metabolic score. Simple snoring was significantly associated with increased odds for MetS among all participants (OR=2.328, 95% CI: 1.340–4.045) and female participants (OR=2.382, 95% CI: 1.136–4.994) after multivariable adjustment. With regard to MetS components, simple snoring was significantly associated with increased odds for hypertension (OR=1.730, 95% CI: 1.130–2.650), abdominal obesity (OR=1.810, 95% CI: 1.063–3.083), and hyper-triglycerides (TG) (OR=1.814, 95% CI: 1.097–2.998) among all participants, with hypertension (OR=3.493, 95% CI: 1.748–6.979) among males and with abdominal obesity (OR=2.306, 95% CI: 1.245–4.270) and hyper-TG (OR=2.803, 95% CI: 1.146–6.856) among females after multivariable adjustment. Conclusions. After excluding the influence of repeated apnea and hypoxia, simple snoring was still significantly associated with MetS, especially in women. Furthermore, the associations were more obvious for hypertension among males and for abdominal obesity and hyper-TG among females. In addition to OSA, simple snoring also should be valued.

Association Between Self-Reported Snoring and Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…There was heterogeneity among four studies ( 10 , 11 , 22 ) ( I 2 = 65.70%, p = 0.05), with 5,614 participants. The pooled OR (95% CI) was 1.75 (95% CI, 1.46–2.05, random effect model), as shown in Figure 5 .…”

“…In total, eight studies ( 8 , 9 , 11 , 19 – 22 ), in which snoring was classified into two levels—yes/no—involving 13,065 participants reported ORs of the association between snoring and MetS. Of these eight studies, one was conducted in Europe, three in America, and four in Asia.…”

“…Of the 15 studies from 12 publications ( 6 , 10 , 11 , 22 , 27 – 34 ) with 41,463 participants that reported ORs (95% CIs) of snoring and hypertension, one study used a case–control design, three studies used a cohort design, and eight studies used a cross-sectional design. Three studies ( 30 , 32 , 33 ) provided information on men and women separately.…”

“…Of a total of 17 studies from 13 articles ( 7 , 10 , 11 , 22 , 31 , 32 , 34 , 42 – 47 ) with 584,912 participants reporting the ORs (95% CIs) between snoring and glycometabolism, four ( 32 , 45 – 47 ) studies provided information on men and women separately. The pooled OR was 1.05 (95% CI, 1.04–1.07, random effect model) with significant heterogeneity ( I 2 = 67.10%, p < 0.01) (see Figure 5 ).…”

“…In 11 studies, five articles ( 10 , 11 , 22 , 32 , 52 ) with 25,300 participants provided information on the association between snoring and lipid metabolism. The pooled OR was 1.13 (95% CI, 1.06–1.19, random effect model), with significant heterogeneity ( I 2 = 49.5%, p = 0.03) (see Figure 5 ).…”