The Relationship Between Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms and Periodontitis in Turkish Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract

Background and Aim: Vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms have been implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases, such as periodontitis and diabetes mellitus (DM). The present study aimed to evaluate the distributions of VDR polymorphisms in diabetic individuals with healthy periodontium (DMH), diabetic individuals with periodontitis (DMP), nondiabetic individuals with healthy periodontium (H), and nondiabetic individuals with periodontitis (P). Material and Methods: A total of 200 individuals (DMH = 40, DMP = 60, H = 40, and P = 60) were recruited. All clinical periodontal parameters, demographical, and biochemical variables were recorded. Blood samples were collected, and genomic DNA was isolated by Purelink® Genomic DNA Mini Kit. Genotyping of VDR polymorphisms ApaI, BsmI, FokI, and TaqI were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using allele-specific probes. Results: The distribution of the BsmI variant showed differences between DMH and H groups (P = 0.034). In addition, carrying the GG genotype (OR = 0.317; 95% CI = 0.126–0.797; P = 0.013) and the G allele (OR = 2.373; 95% CI = 1.203–4.681; P = 0.012) increased the risk of type 2 DM. Moreover, it was determined that the frequency of CC genotype of FokI variant was higher in DMP compared to DMH (P = 0.046). It was determined that having the CC genotype (OR = 2.706; 95% CI = 1.185–6.176; P = 0.017) and the C allele (OR = 1.917; 95% CI = 0.995–3.694; P = 0.049) increased the risk of periodontitis among diabetic individuals. No differences were detected among groups in the genotype and allele distributions of ApaI and TaqI variants (P > 0.05). Conclusions: The present study showed that the BsmI variant was a risk factor for DM among periodontally healthy individuals and the FokI variant for periodontitis among diabetic individuals.

Impact of vitamin D receptor polymorphisms in selected metabolic disorders

“…Also, other studies conducted on Pakistani [37] and Jordanian [38] individuals demonstrate the potential relationship of this VDR polymorphism with susceptibility to T2D. Another published paper indicates that individuals with T2D and the C allele of rs2228570 may have an increased risk of periodontitis [28]. In contrast, some investigations show no significant association between rs2228570 and T2D [23,29] or glycemic status [23,39].…”

“…A study by Liu et al indicates that it may be associated with a reduced risk of T2D in Asians [12 ▪▪ ]. Another study indicates that the G allele of the rs1544410 may be associated with T2D in individuals with healthy periodontium [28]. Maulood et al found a significantly higher fasting blood glucose value in patients with rs1544410 G/A and A/A genotypes and a higher triglyceride value in diabetic patients with the G/A genotype.…”