The relationship of management modality in Saudi patients with type 2 diabetes to components of metabolic syndrome, γ glutamyl transferase and highly sensitive C-reactive protein

Abstract

Background:The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship among management modality, glycemic control, components of metabolic syndrome (MS) and serum levels of γ glutamyl transferase (GGT) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Methods: Patients with T2DM, not suffering from diabetes complications, were recruited from outpatients clinics at two hospitals in Jeddah. Anthropometric measurements and blood pressure (BP) were taken. A treatment plan was recorded. Fasting blood samples were obtained to measure glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), lipids profile, highly sensitive (hs)-CRP and GGT. Results: A total of 71 men and 82 women were recruited. Lower mean HbA1c was found in people receiving oral glucose-lowering drugs compared with those on insulin therapy (p < 0.001). Management modality had no effect on mean GGT or hs-CRP. Higher mean GGT was associated with poor glycemic control, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and abdominal obesity. GGT correlated significantly (p < 0.05) and directly with triglycerides in men (r = 0.401) and diastolic BP (r = 0.279 for men, r = 0.194, for women), but inversely with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (r = -0.298 for men, r = -0.171 for women). hs-CRP correlated with waist circumference (p < 0.05, r = 0.312, for men, r = 0.305, for women), with a higher mean being found in men with poor glycemic control (p = 0.015), in hypertensive women (p = 0.030), and in patients who were abdominally obese (p < 0.05). Conclusions: High levels of GGT and hs-CRP are associated with components of MS and poor glycemic control, hence increased cardiovascular risk. Due to their value as independent risk predictors of vascular injury, these measures should be included in routine monitoring of patients with T2DM.

Uric Acid and GGT Have Causal Relations with Abdominal Obesity: A Real-Life Research in Turkish Population with 1214 Diabetics

“…Serum GGT is an enzyme thought to be associated with oxidative stress and increased risk of cardiovascular disease in diabetic patients [36]. In this cohort, the median serum GGT level was higher in patients with increased WC compared with those with normal WC.…”

“…There was also a positive correlation in male diabetics between WC and serum GGT levels at a mild and statistically significant correlation. There are studies in the literature that this correlation exists [37] and does not exist [36]. And there were studies demonstrating no beneficial effect of losing WC on serum GGT [37] [38].…”

Exploring the Validity of Available Markers and Indices in the Diagnosis of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) in People with Type 2 Diabetes in Saudi Arabia

“…In an earlier study on T2DM patients, we reported a correlation between GGT level and dyslipidemia [ 54 ]. Unfavourable lipid profiles in patients with NAFLD had been reported in previous studies [ 55 ].…”

Elevated UMOD methylation level in peripheral blood is associated with gout risk

“…The concentrations of creatinine (CRE), uric acid (UA), blood glucose (Glu) and triglyceride (TG) in plasma were determined using the classic enzymatic methods 19 – 22 . Cholesterol level was measured using automated enzymatic methods 23 . High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentration was measured by enzymatic colorimetric methods with commercially available kits, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentration was measured by homogeneous assay 24 .…”