The relative involvement of anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex in attentional control depends on nature of conflict

Milham, Michael P.; Banich, Marie T.; Webb, Andrew; Barad, Vikram; Cohen, Neal J.; Wszalek, Tracey; Kramer, Arthur F.

doi:10.1016/s0926-6410(01)00076-3

Cited by 476 publications

(438 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Several studies have examined whether the ACC responds to conflict at all of these levels, or whether it is sensitive only to certain forms of conflict. In general, such studies have supported the conclusion that the ACC is engaged most strongly during conflicts at the level of response selection [10,11,15,[40][41][42], a finding that accords with the strong connectivity between the ACC and motor structures including premotor, supplementary motor, and primary motor areas [43,44].…”

Section: Box 1 Conflict Monitoring In the Stroop Tasksupporting

confidence: 54%

Conflict monitoring and anterior cingulate cortex: an update

Botvinick

Cohen

Carter

2004

Trends in Cognitive Sciences

3,145

204

2,407

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Section: Box 1 Conflict Monitoring In the Stroop Tasksupporting

confidence: 54%

Conflict monitoring and anterior cingulate cortex: an update

Botvinick

Cohen

Carter

2004

Trends in Cognitive Sciences

3,145

204

2,407

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…Consistent with this latter view, we found that the ACC activity arose before the motor response. Furthermore, the ACC (in concert with the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) has been identified as an important structure for attentional control, in particular during response-related processes (Milham et al, 2001;Milham, Banich, Claus, & Cohen, 2003). Finally, it should also be pointed out that previous activation studies have typically found a more anterior (and/or superior) cingulate site involved in error/conflict monitoring (see e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Errors recruit both cognitive and emotional monitoring systems: Simultaneous intracranial recordings in the dorsal anterior cingulate gyrus and amygdala combined with fMRI

Pourtois¹,

Vocat²,

N’Diaye³

et al. 2010

Neuropsychologia

119

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We studied error monitoring in a human patient with unique implantation of depth electrodes in both the left dorsal cingulate gyrus and medial temporal lobe prior to surgery. The patient performed a speeded go/nogo task and made a substantial number of commission errors (false alarms). As predicted, intracranial Local Field Potentials (iLFPs) in dorsal anterior cingulate indexed the detection of errors, showing an early differential activity around motor execution for false alarms, relative to correct responses (either hits or correct inhibitions). More surprisingly, we found that the left amygdala also participated to error monitoring (although no emotional stimuli were used), but with a very different neurophysiological profile as compared with the dorsal cingulate cortex. Amygdala iLFPs showed a precise and reproducible temporal unfolding, characterized by an early monophasic response for correct hits around motor execution, which was delayed by ~300 ms for errors (even though actual RTs were almost identical in these two conditions). Moreover, time-frequency analyses demonstrated a reliable and transient coupling in the theta band around motor execution between these two distant regions. Additional fMRI investigation in the same patient confirmed a differential involvement of the dorsal cingulate cortex vs. amygdala in error monitoring during this go/nogo task. Finally, these intracranial results for the left amygdala were replicated in a second patient with intracranial electrodes in the right amygdala. Altogether, these results suggest that the amygdala may register the motivational significance of motor actions on a trial-by-trial basis, while the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex may provide signals concerning failures of cognitive control and behavioral adjustment. More generally, these data shed new light on neural mechanisms underlying self monitoring by showing that even "simple" motor actions recruit not only executive cognitive processes (in dorsal cingulate) but also affective processes (in amygdala).

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“…The differential role of each of these regions has been poorly understood (37) as few studies have used chronometric techniques or causal analyses to dissociate the temporal and network dynamics of responses in these regions. We found that although onset latencies in the rFIC and ACC did not differ significantly, as might be expected from their being part of the same (salience) network, the FIC did have a powerful causal influence on the ACC (and correspondingly, higher net causal outflow than the ACC) in all three datasets (Figs.…”

Section: Differential Roles Of the Rfic Acc And Lateral Prefrontal mentioning

confidence: 99%

A critical role for the right fronto-insular cortex in switching between central-executive and default-mode networks

Sridharan

Levitin

Menon

2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

2,539

213

2,236

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Cognitively demanding tasks that evoke activation in the brain's central-executive network (CEN) have been consistently shown to evoke decreased activation (deactivation) in the default-mode network (DMN). The neural mechanisms underlying this switch between activation and deactivation of large-scale brain networks remain completely unknown. Here, we use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the mechanisms underlying switching of brain networks in three different experiments. We first examined this switching process in an auditory event segmentation task. We observed significant activation of the CEN and deactivation of the DMN, along with activation of a third network comprising the right fronto-insular cortex (rFIC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), when participants perceived salient auditory event boundaries. Using chronometric techniques and Granger causality analysis, we show that the rFIC-ACC network, and the rFIC, in particular, plays a critical and causal role in switching between the CEN and the DMN. We replicated this causal connectivity pattern in two additional experiments: (i) a visual attention ''oddball'' task and (ii) a task-free resting state. These results indicate that the rFIC is likely to play a major role in switching between distinct brain networks across task paradigms and stimulus modalities. Our findings have important implications for a unified view of network mechanisms underlying both exogenous and endogenous cognitive control.brain networks ͉ cognitive control ͉ insula ͉ attention ͉ prefrontal cortex O ne distinguishing feature of the human brain, compared with brains lower on the phylogenetic ladder, is the amount of cognitive control available for selecting, switching, and attending to salient events in the environment. Recent research suggests that the human brain is intrinsically organized into distinct functional networks that support these processes (1-4). Analysis of resting-state functional connectivity, using both model-based and model-free approaches, has suggested the existence of at least three canonical networks: (i) a centralexecutive network (CEN), whose key nodes include the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and posterior parietal cortex (PPC); (ii) the default-mode network (DMN), which includes the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC); and (iii) a salience network (SN), which includes the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) and anterior insula (jointly referred to as the fronto-insular cortex; FIC) and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) (1, 2, 4, 5). During the performance of cognitively demanding tasks, the CEN and SN typically show increases in activation whereas the DMN shows decreases in activation (1, 2, 6). However, what remains unknown is the crucial issue of how the operation of these networks, identified in the resting state, relate to their function during cognitive information processing. Furthermore, the cognitive control mechanisms that mediate concurrent activation and deactiva...

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The relative involvement of anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex in attentional control depends on nature of conflict

Cited by 476 publications

References 23 publications

Conflict monitoring and anterior cingulate cortex: an update

Conflict monitoring and anterior cingulate cortex: an update

Errors recruit both cognitive and emotional monitoring systems: Simultaneous intracranial recordings in the dorsal anterior cingulate gyrus and amygdala combined with fMRI

A critical role for the right fronto-insular cortex in switching between central-executive and default-mode networks

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