The Reliability and Validity of Modified Four-Square-Step-Test and Step-Test in Older Adults

Özkeskin, Mehmet; Özden, Fatih; Tuna, Serap

doi:10.1080/02703181.2021.1936341

Cited by 7 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Recently, Moore et al reviewed ten studies measuring the test -retest reliability of the FSST and found good to excellent reliability for two separate test scores (ICC of = 0.73 to 0.98) [11]. For the mFSST Roos et al reported a value of 0.81 in older adults with stroke, Ozkeskin et al reported 0,97 in older adults, and Unver et al reported 0,97 in primary TKA patients [18,19,27].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reliability of the Modified Four-Square Step Test in Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Cross-Sectional Study

Ünver

Sevik

Karatosun

2022

Physikalische Medizin, Rehabilitationsmedizin, Kurortmedizin

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Background The modified four-square step test (mFSST) assesses dynamic balance by rapid stepping in different directions. This study aimed to evaluate the reliability of the mFSST in patients who had undergone revision total knee artroplasty (rTKA). Methods The study was designed as a cross-sectional study. The mFSST was administered on 22 patients with a history of rTKA. Two trials were performed and the patients rested between trials to avoid fatigue. Results The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for the mFSST was 0.83. The standard error of measurement and the smallest real difference (95%. confidence level) were 0.67 and 1.85 respectively. Conclusion The mFSST showed good reliability in patients who had undergone rTKA. The mFSST is a reliable measure for the assessment of gait variability, dynamic balance, walking skills and mobility. It can easily detect changes in rTKA patients with simple equipment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reliability of the Modified Four-Square Step Test in Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Cross-Sectional Study

Ünver

Sevik

Karatosun

2022

Physikalische Medizin, Rehabilitationsmedizin, Kurortmedizin

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“…The Four Square Step Test was used to assess participants' abilities to quickly step in multiple directions (20). This test has been validated for use with older adults and involves stepping into four squares on the ground, first in a clockwise and then in a counterclockwise order, as quickly as possible (21). A practice trial was conducted to ensure movement sequence familiarity.…”

Section: Functional Mobility Assessmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aquatic Cognitive–Motor Exercise for Cognition, Balance, and Functional Mobility in Older Adults

Dunlap,

Alhalimi,

McLaurin

et al. 2024

Transl J ACSM

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Introduction Cognitive declines and mobility challenges in older adults often hinder exercise, leading to a sedentary lifestyle. Addressing both cognitive and physical health is crucial for enhancing overall well-being in older adults. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of aquatic cognitive–motor exercise on cognition, balance, and functional mobility in older adults. Methods This pilot randomized controlled study included 25 participants from two retirement communities who were randomly assigned to a control (n = 12, 81 ± 8 yr old) or aquatic exercise group (n = 13, 83 ± 7 yr old). The aquatic exercise group received 45 min of moderate-intensity cognitive–motor exercise three times per week for 8 wk. The control group received one fall prevention education class. Results The session attendance rate for the aquatic exercise program was 95%. Between-group comparisons showed that 8 wk of aquatic exercise improved various measures of cognition with a medium effect size, as assessed by the Stroop Color and Word Test (∆ 2.8, d = 0.51) and the Trail Making Test part B (∆ −19.2 s, d = −0.59). Gait speeds while walking forward (∆ 0.04 m·s−1, d = 0.43) and counting backward by serial 7s (∆ 0.05 m·s−1, d = 0.43) were improved with a small effect size in the aquatic exercise intervention. This change was recognized as a clinically meaningful improvement in older adults. The aquatic intervention group had a medium to large effect size improvement in speed with the Four Square Step Test (∆ −0.6 s, d = −0.42), Timed Up and Go test (∆ −1.1 s, d = −0.50), and Timed Up and Go cognitive test (∆ −1.0 s, d = −0.56), whereas only negligible to small changes were noted with single-leg balance measures. Conclusions The aquatic cognitive–motor exercise program is feasible and enhanced cognition and functional mobility in older adults.

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The Reliability and Validity of the Modified Four Square Step Test in Individuals with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Kocaman,

Canlı,

Alkan

et al. 2023

JOIO

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The Reliability and Validity of Modified Four-Square-Step-Test and Step-Test in Older Adults

Cited by 7 publications

References 40 publications

Reliability of the Modified Four-Square Step Test in Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Cross-Sectional Study

Reliability of the Modified Four-Square Step Test in Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Cross-Sectional Study

Aquatic Cognitive–Motor Exercise for Cognition, Balance, and Functional Mobility in Older Adults

The Reliability and Validity of the Modified Four Square Step Test in Individuals with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

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