The resurgence of Malaria in India 1965?76

Akhtar, Rais; Learmonth, A. T. A.; Keynes, Milton

doi:10.1007/bf00188888

Cited by 18 publications

(5 citation statements)

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since its independence in 1947, India has achieved remarkable malaria control gains, reducing morbidity to 100,000 cases and mortality to zero in 1965 [87] at the peak of the Global Malaria Eradication Programme [53]. Since this time malaria resurgence has been widely reported in the country [87]–[89]. The contemporary burden is unknown [90]–[97] and is probably exacerbated by the unique problem of urban malaria, maintained by Anopheles stephensi [49],[88],[98].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Estimating the Global Clinical Burden of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in 2007

et al. 2010

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating the Global Clinical Burden of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in 2007

et al. 2010

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“…There were about 20 pilot IRS projects in sub-Saharan Africa between the mid 1950s and early 1960s [3] that demonstrated IRS significantly reduced malaria transmission even in highly endemic (intense transmission) areas [4]. Despite this, Africa was largely sidelined for eradication due to the high malaria burden; while elsewhere dramatic reversals were seen once IRS spraying was prematurely reduced in countries such as India and Sri Lanka [5,6]. As a result interest in IRS subsequently waned and was not taken to scale in most sub-Saharan malaria-endemic countries as part of the global eradication campaign [4,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-lasting control of Anopheles arabiensis by a single spray application of micro-encapsulated pirimiphos-methyl (Actellic® 300 CS)

Oxborough

Kitau

Jones

et al. 2014

Malar J

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BackgroundPyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes are an increasing threat to malaria vector control. The Global Plan for Insecticide Resistance Management (GPIRM) recommends rotation of non-pyrethroid insecticides for indoor residual spraying (IRS). The options from other classes are limited. The carbamate bendiocarb and the organophosphate pirimiphos-methyl (p-methyl) emulsifiable concentrate (EC) have a short residual duration of action, resulting in increased costs due to multiple spray cycles, and user fatigue. Encapsulation (CS) technology was used to extend the residual performance of p-methyl.MethodsTwo novel p-methyl CS formulations were evaluated alongside the existing EC in laboratory bioassays and experimental hut trials in Tanzania between 2008-2010. Bioassays were carried out monthly on sprayed substrates of mud, concrete, plywood, and palm thatch to assess residual activity. Experimental huts were used to assess efficacy against wild free-flying Anopheles arabiensis, in terms of insecticide-induced mortality and blood-feeding inhibition.ResultsIn laboratory bioassays of An. arabiensis and Culex quinquefasciatus both CS formulations produced high rates of mortality for significantly longer than the EC formulation on all substrates. On mud, the best performing CS killed >80% of An. arabiensis for five months and >50% for eight months, compared with one and two months, respectively, for the EC. In monthly bioassays of experimental hut walls the EC was ineffective shortly after spraying, while the best CS formulation killed more than 80% of An. arabiensis for five months on mud, and seven months on concrete. In experimental huts both CS and EC formulations killed high proportions of free-flying wild An. arabiensis for up to 12 months after spraying. There was no significant difference between treatments. All treatments provided considerable personal protection, with blood-feeding inhibition ranging from 9-49% over time.ConclusionsThe long residual performance of p-methyl CS was consistent in bioassays and experimental huts. The CS outperformed the EC in laboratory and hut bioassays but the EC longevity in huts was unexpected. Long-lasting p-methyl CS formulations should be more effective than both p-methyl EC and bendiocarb considering a single spray could be sufficient for annual malaria control. IRS with p-methyl 300 CS is a timely addition to the limited portfolio of long-lasting residual insecticides.

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“…The launch of the National Malaria Control Program (NMCP) resulted in a drastic drop of malaria cases from 75 million cases annually in 1947 to less than 50,000 in mid-sixties. However, after its near eradication malaria staged a dramatic comeback with nearly 2 million recorded cases every year since 1995 5 and a clear change in malaria epidemiology: an increase in the insecticide resistance, in proportions of malaria due to P. falciparum throughout the country, and rise in urban malaria 6-9 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal changes in land cover types and the incidence of malaria in Mangalore, India

Mohan¹,

Naumova²

2014

Int Jour of Biomed Res

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Background-Malaria contributes to 881000 deaths worldwide annually and India is a major contributor in the region. This study aimed at detecting land cover changes and assesses their relationship with the burden of malaria in Mangalore taluk of southern India.Methodology-Landsat TM images were obtained from the U.S. Geological Survey data repository. The statistics for the malaria incidences in the region were obtained from the National Vector Borne Diseases Control Program division of the State of Karnataka. The images were preprocessed, classified and change detection statistics were employed for major land cover types.Results and Conclusions-An increase in the urban land cover by 20% with a reduction in the mountainous terrain by 34.7% and vegetation by 38.7% was noted between the years 2003 and 2005. The annual incidence of malaria increased five-fold from 203 to 1035/100000 population during the period. This study demonstrates the application of publicly available remote sensed data as a cost effective approach to study the agent, host and environment relationships in resource scarce settings which would provide valuable information planning and policy making at regional levels.

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The resurgence of Malaria in India 1965?76

Cited by 18 publications

References 1 publication

Estimating the Global Clinical Burden of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in 2007

Estimating the Global Clinical Burden of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in 2007

Long-lasting control of Anopheles arabiensis by a single spray application of micro-encapsulated pirimiphos-methyl (Actellic® 300 CS)

Temporal changes in land cover types and the incidence of malaria in Mangalore, India

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