The rice <i>HIGH‐TILLERING DWARF1</i> encoding an ortholog of Arabidopsis MAX3 is required for negative regulation of the outgrowth of axillary buds

Zou, Juan; Zhang, Shuying; Zhang, Weiping; Li, Gang; Chen, Zongxiang; Zhai, Wenxue; Zhao, Xianfeng; X, Pan; Xie, Qi; Zhu, Lihuang

doi:10.1111/j.1365-313x.2006.02916.x

Cited by 355 publications

(293 citation statements)

References 68 publications

(159 reference statements)

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“…One would expect the primary mechanism of strigolactone function to be conserved across plant species, especially due to high conservation of the biosynthetic pathway and its regulation by auxin ( Fig. 6; Sorefan et al, 2003;Bainbridge et al, 2005;Foo et al, 2005;Zou et al, 2006;Arite et al, 2007;Gomez-Roldan et al, 2008;Umehara et al, 2008). Interestingly, bud vascular traces were found to be repelled from leaf vasculature in the Arabidopsis ccd8 mutant background .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Strigolactone Acts Downstream of Auxin to Regulate Bud Outgrowth in Pea and Arabidopsis

et al. 2009

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During the last century, two key hypotheses have been proposed to explain apical dominance in plants: auxin promotes the production of a second messenger that moves up into buds to repress their outgrowth, and auxin saturation in the stem inhibits auxin transport from buds, thereby inhibiting bud outgrowth. The recent discovery of strigolactone as the novel shootbranching inhibitor allowed us to test its mode of action in relation to these hypotheses. We found that exogenously applied strigolactone inhibited bud outgrowth in pea (Pisum sativum) even when auxin was depleted after decapitation. We also found that strigolactone application reduced branching in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) auxin response mutants, suggesting that auxin may act through strigolactones to facilitate apical dominance. Moreover, strigolactone application to tiny buds of mutant or decapitated pea plants rapidly stopped outgrowth, in contrast to applying N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA), an auxin transport inhibitor, which significantly slowed growth only after several days. Whereas strigolactone or NPA applied to growing buds reduced bud length, only NPA blocked auxin transport in the bud. Wild-type and strigolactone biosynthesis mutant pea and Arabidopsis shoots were capable of instantly transporting additional amounts of auxin in excess of endogenous levels, contrary to predictions of auxin transport models. These data suggest that strigolactone does not act primarily by affecting auxin transport from buds. Rather, the primary repressor of bud outgrowth appears to be the auxindependent production of strigolactones.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Likewise, RMS5, MAX3, and D17/HTD1 were found to encode CCD7 (Booker et al, 2004;Johnson et al, 2006;Zou et al, 2006). In contrast, the SMS response mutants, max2, rms4, and d3, were found to be mutated in an orthologous gene encoding an F-box protein (Stirnberg et al, 2002;Ishikawa et al, 2005;Johnson et al, 2006).…”

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Strigolactone Acts Downstream of Auxin to Regulate Bud Outgrowth in Pea and Arabidopsis

et al. 2009

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“…Recent studies on a series of branching mutants, such as more axillary growth (max) of Arabidopsis [37][38][39][40], ramosus (rms) mutants of pea [41][42][43], decreased apical dominance (dad) mutants of petunia [44,45] and dwarf (d) mutants of rice [46][47][48][49][50][51], have revealed strigolactone as a second messenger of auxin action on the control of AM outgrowth [52,53]. Strigolactones, a group of terpenoid lactones that have been found in root exudates of diverse plant species, are synthesized from carotenoids in roots and transported acropetally or synthesized locally to repress the outgrowth of shoot branches [38,[54][55][56].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The BUD2 mutation affects plant architecture through altering cytokinin and auxin responses in Arabidopsis

et al. 2010

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The ratio of auxin and cytokinin plays a crucial role in regulating aerial architecture by promoting or repressing axillary bud outgrowth. We have previously identified an Arabidopsis mutant bud2 that displays altered root and shoot architecture, which results from the loss-of-function of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase 4 (SAMDC4). In this study, we demonstrate that BUD2 could be induced by auxin, and the induction is dependent on auxin signaling. The mutation of BUD2 results in hyposensitivity to auxin and hypersensitivity to cytokinin, which is confirmed by callus induction assays. Our study suggests that polyamines may play their roles in regulating the plant architecture through affecting the homeostasis of cytokinins and sensitivities to auxin and cytokinin. IntroductionPolyamines, including diamine putrescine, triamine spermidine and tetraamine spermine, are low-molecularmass organic cations. They exist widely in all living organisms and are essential for their survival, because blocking of the biosynthesis of polyamines leads to lethal phenotypes in animals [1] and higher plants [2][3][4]. In higher plants, polyamines have been proposed to function in response to environmental stresses and in regulating growth and development [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. Plant molecular and physiological studies over past decades have shown that higher plants defective in producing polyamines often have altered plant architecture, with reduced plant height or more branches in shoots and roots [4,[10][11][12][13]. However, the underlying mechanisms still remain largely elusive.Branches of higher plants originate from the axillary meristems (AMs) of shoots, and formation of a branch generally consists of the initiation of a new AM and its subsequent outgrowth. However, an AM may arrest its growth under some conditions, forming a dormant bud. The dormant buds will release their outgrowth once they sense a permissible environmental or developmental signal. In many plant species, axillary buds become dormant due to the inhibiting effects of the primary shoot apex on the outgrowth of AMs, a phenomenon known as 'apical dominance'. Auxin was first regarded as a direct regulator in this process [14], a notion strengthened thereafter by physiological studies on decapitated shoot apices [15][16][17], and by analyzing auxin biosynthesis, transport and signaling [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] in plants. However, when radiolabelled auxin was applied to a decapitated stump, the outgrowth of axillary buds was inhibited even though radiolabelled auxin was not found to accumulate in axillary buds, suggesting an indirect suppression effect of auxin on the AM outgrowth [28,30] and the presence of second messengers.Cytokinin has been proposed as a second messenger that mediates the action of auxin in controlling the apical dominance, because it promotes the outgrowth of lateral buds when directly applied to buds [31]. Although an antagonistic role of auxin and cytokinin in the regulation of apical dominance has been postu...

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“…Analyses of the highly branched ramosus (rms) mutants of pea and the decreased apical dominance (dad) mutant of petunia (Petunia hybrida) led to the discovery of another hormone-like signal known as shoot multiplication signal (SMS) that inhibits bud outgrowth in response to auxin (Napoli, 1996;Beveridge et al, 1997;Beveridge et al, 2000;Beveridge, 2006). The identification of a series of branching mutants in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) known as max (for more axillary growth) and cloning of the MAX genes (Stirnberg et al, 2002;Sorefan et al, 2003;Booker et al, 2004;Booker et al, 2005), as well as related genes from pea (Sorefan et al, 2003;Johnson et al, 2006), rice (Oryza sativa; Ishikawa et al, 2005;Zou et al, 2006;Arite et al, 2007), and petunia (Snowden et al, 2005;Simons et al, 2007) led to the discovery that the SMS signal is a new hormone, strigolactone (Gomez-Roldan et al, 2008;Umehara et al, 2008). Therefore, apical dominance in annuals is regulated by auxin, cytokinin, and strigolactones and their interactions (Beveridge et al, 2009;Domagalska and Leyser, 2011).…”

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confidence: 99%

Inhibition of Tiller Bud Outgrowth in thetinMutant of Wheat Is Associated with Precocious Internode Development

et al. 2012

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Tillering (branching) is a major yield component and, therefore, a target for improving the yield of crops. However, tillering is regulated by complex interactions of endogenous and environmental signals, and the knowledge required to achieve optimal tiller number through genetic and agronomic means is still lacking. Regulatory mechanisms may be revealed through physiological and molecular characterization of naturally occurring and induced tillering mutants in the major crops. Here we characterize a reduced tillering (tin, for tiller inhibition) mutant of wheat (Triticum aestivum). The reduced tillering in tin is due to early cessation of tiller bud outgrowth during the transition of the shoot apex from the vegetative to the reproductive stage. There was no observed difference in the development of the main stem shoot apex between tin and the wild type. However, tin initiated internode development earlier and, unlike the wild type, the basal internodes in tin were solid rather than hollow. We hypothesize that tin represents a novel type of reduced tillering mutant associated with precocious internode elongation that diverts sucrose (Suc) away from developing tillers. Consistent with this hypothesis, we have observed upregulation of a gene induced by Suc starvation, downregulation of a Suc-inducible gene, and a reduced Suc content in dormant tin buds. The increased expression of the wheat Dormancy-associated (DRM1-like) and Teosinte Branched1 (TB1-like) genes and the reduced expression of cell cycle genes also indicate bud dormancy in tin. These results highlight the significance of Suc in shoot branching and the possibility of optimizing tillering by manipulating the timing of internode elongation.

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The rice HIGH‐TILLERING DWARF1 encoding an ortholog of Arabidopsis MAX3 is required for negative regulation of the outgrowth of axillary buds

Cited by 355 publications

References 68 publications

Strigolactone Acts Downstream of Auxin to Regulate Bud Outgrowth in Pea and Arabidopsis

Strigolactone Acts Downstream of Auxin to Regulate Bud Outgrowth in Pea and Arabidopsis

The BUD2 mutation affects plant architecture through altering cytokinin and auxin responses in Arabidopsis

Inhibition of Tiller Bud Outgrowth in thetinMutant of Wheat Is Associated with Precocious Internode Development

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