The Risk Model of Developing Schizophrenia Based on Temperament and Character

Abstract

Research has emphasized variables in the temperament and character inventory, which are the best markers for distinguishing between the healthy and the ill, thus making the mathematical model.

Temperament and Character Profile and Its Clinical Correlates in Male Patients with Dual Schizophrenia

“…Finally, according to previous data [29][30][31], the two SZ groups showed a tendency to spirituality and magical thinking, to have abstract beliefs, and to be carried away by their emotions (higher Self-transcendence), compared to the SUD group and to population data. This trend, which was especially marked in the SZ+ group, was associated in both SZ groups with the presence of more psychiatric symptoms.…”

“…Taken as a whole, our results support the idea that there is a character and temperament profile more associated with SUD, and a different one more associated with SZ, and that both differ from the profile reflected by the population data. Thus, patients with SZ would present a specific profile [ 29 , 31 ] characterized by a tendency to negative affect, behavioral inhibition, spirituality and magical thinking, being lonely, with feelings of ineffectiveness and low control of their own behavior, and difficulties in adapting to the social environment. On the other hand, in line with the available data, our results suggest that the SZ+ group presents a personality profile similar to that of the SZ- group, together with the characteristics associated to SUD of low tolerance to routine and monotony, and a tendency to abandon tasks in the face of frustration or fatigue [ 30 , 52 ].…”

“…Collecting scientific evidence regarding SZ+ patients is a complex process, and sometimes the data have been obtained by extrapolation from works analyzing either SUD or SZ- patients separately [ 27 ]. Among the available personality trait models, Cloninger’s [ 28 ] stands out as a theoretically robust model based on a psychobiological perspective, and has been used in several studies with these diagnostic groups [ 29 , 30 , 31 ]. This model defines personality through individual differences in the adaptive systems that receive, process and store information.…”

“…Thus, studies focusing on personality assessment following Cloninger’s model point to a specific character and temperament profile made up of two components: the asocial component, characterized by high Harm Avoidance and low Reward Dependence; and the schizotypal component, characterized by high Self-transcendence, and low Self-directedness and Cooperativeness. This schizotypal profile has been proposed as a possible vulnerability marker for the development of SZ [ 29 , 31 , 51 ].…”

Network Analysis of the Structure of the Core Symptoms and Clinical Correlates in Comorbid Schizophrenia and Gambling Disorder

“…When compared with healthy control samples, patients with high scores for self-transcendence exhibit a profile characterized by negative emotions, introversion (closeness to experience), and absorption (losing track of time and space, focusing all attention on a specific task, and disregarding any other external or internal stimuli) (Anglim et al, 2020;Cloninger et al, 1993;Rezaei et al, 2020). High scores for self-transcendence have been linked to psychotic tendencies and paranoid-schizotypal traits among population-based and clinical samples, especially the cognitive-perceptual component associated with magical thinking (Galindo et al, 2016) and unusual perceptions (such as delusions and bizarre-unconventional beliefs) (Miskovic et al, 2018). This profile is typical of emotionally unstable individuals with a tendency to perceive any event as potentially stressful, and therefore highly vulnerable to anxiety and to the use of unhealthy behaviors to cope with these negative states (Zhou et al, 2017).…”