The risk of sequelae due to pneumococcal meningitis in high-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Functional polymorphisms of macrophage migration inhibitory factor as predictors of morbidity and mortality of pneumococcal meningitis

“…Proportions of survivors (open bars) and nonsurvivors (filled bars) for the −173 (G/G, G/C, and C/C) and CATT 7 (X/X, 7/X, and 7/7) genotypes. Logistic regression analysis was performed using dominant and additive modes of inheritance (P = 0.01 and 0.01 for −173 G/C and P = 0.03 and 0.01 for CATT 7 , respectively).…”

“…Because cytokines play an important role in the pathogenesis of bacterial meningitis, we examined whether functional polymorphisms of the proinflammatory cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) were associated with morbidity and mortality of pneumococcal meningitis. Two functional MIF promoter polymorphisms, a microsatellite (−794 CATT [5][6][7][8] ; rs5844572) and a single-nucleotide polymorphism (−173 G/C; rs755622) were genotyped in a prospective, nationwide cohort of 405 patients with pneumococcal meningitis and in 329 controls matched for age, gender, and ethnicity. Carriages of the CATT 7 and −173 C high-expression MIF alleles were associated with unfavorable outcome (P = 0.005 and 0.003) and death (P = 0.03 and 0.01).…”

“…Two functional MIF promoter polymorphisms, a microsatellite (−794 CATT [5][6][7][8] ; rs5844572) and a single-nucleotide polymorphism (−173 G/C; rs755622) were genotyped in a prospective, nationwide cohort of 405 patients with pneumococcal meningitis and in 329 controls matched for age, gender, and ethnicity. Carriages of the CATT 7 and −173 C high-expression MIF alleles were associated with unfavorable outcome (P = 0.005 and 0.003) and death (P = 0.03 and 0.01). In a multivariate logistic regression model, shock [odds ratio (OR) 26.0, P = 0.02] and carriage of the CATT 7 allele (OR 5.12, P = 0.04) were the main predictors of mortality.…”

“…Functional polymorphisms of the MIF gene locus include a microsatellite repeat of five to eight CATT tetranucleotide (CATT [5][6][7][8] ) at position −794 (rs5844572) and a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of a G-to-C transition at position −173 (−173G/C; rs755622) (23,24). Genetic studies have revealed a complex picture of the role of polymorphic MIF alleles in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases (20,25).…”

“…No deviation from the HardyWeinberg equilibrium (HWE) was observed for the −173 G/C SNP and CATT [5][6][7][8] microsatellite. The allele frequencies, genotypes, and haplotypes of the −173 G/C and of the CATT [5][6][7][8] polymorphisms were similar in patients and controls (P > 0.5), indicating that there was no association between MIF polymorphisms and susceptibility to pneumococcal meningitis. Carriage of the −173 C or of the CATT 7 high MIF expression alleles were associated with unfavorable outcome [−173 C: odds ratio (OR) 1.9, P = 0.003; CATT 7: OR 1.89, P = 0.005], respiratory failure (−173 C: OR 1.71, P = 0.03), and death (−173 C: OR: 2.6, P = 0.01; CATT 7 : OR 2.27, P = 0.03) ( Table 2).…”