The role of B cells in COVID-19 infection and vaccination

Chen, Shiru; Guan, Fei; Candotti, Fabio; Benlagha, Kamel; Câmara, Niels Olsen Saraiva; Herrada, Andrés A.; James, Louisa K.; Lei, Jiahui; Miller, Heather G.; Kubo, Masato; Qin, Ning; Liu, Chaohong

doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.988536

“…Initially, in the lymph node, naive B cells can interact with either macrophages or dendritic cells that carry SARS-CoV-2 antigens (N and S proteins) on their surface (20; 21). Via its IgM and IgG receptors, the B cell receives activation signals to process the antigen and subsequently migrate to the T-B border of the lymph node (11; 22; 23; 24).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Different B cell activation patterns in asymptomatic and symptomatic COVID-19 patients

Pham

¹

,

Talih

²

,

Ehrhart³

et al. 2022

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0

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Early and persistent defects in B cell subsets such as memory B cells were shown to be correlated with poor outcomes in COVID-19 patients. This research aimed to develop a molecular pathway model to understand the B cell development in COVID-19. A B cell transcriptomics dataset, obtained from COVID-19 patients, was analyzed on the resulting pathway model to study B cell activation. The pathway showed two distinct gene expression profiles between asymptomatic and symptomatic patients. In asymptomatic patients, there is an increase in transcript levels of antiviral interferon-stimulated genes such as ISG15, IFITM1, and NEAT1 and a driving gene for the extrafollicular pathway CXCR4 indicating a formation of plasmablast. In symptomatic patients, the results suggest an inhibition occurring at the germinal center hinting at a reduction in memory B cell production. Transcripts of driver gene CXCR5 involved in germinal center development is one of the most downregulated genes. This could contribute to the shortage in the formation of memory B cells in COVID-19. Concluding, in SARS-CoV-2 infection, B cells follow different activation routes in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients. In this study, we constructed a pathway that allowed us to analyze and interpret activation patterns of B cells in COVID-19 patients and their link to disease severity. Importantly, the pathway and approach can be reused for further research in COVID-19 or other diseases.

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“…Interestingly in contrast with other studies it was found that a 32 amino acid peptide (V551-L582) in the currently mapped RBD domain could be an immunodominant B Cell epitope equating to 58.7% of IgG samples tested [119][101] (See table 2). As above, naïve B cells expressing IgD + CD19 + CD27 -(see table 3) can be sole predictors of antibody titrations compared to control groups with high significance (P=0.009) [120]. Nonetheless, chronic COVID-19 disease patients presenting with DN (IgD -CD27 − ) B cells are shown to experience worse disease severity and complications.…”

Section: Isotypementioning

confidence: 86%

Cellular and Humoral Immunity and Infection Responses to SARS-CoV-2:Immune Biomolecular Mechanisms by Case Study within SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis and Other Infections

Brown¹

2022

Preprint

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The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was caused by a positive sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, other human coronaviruses (hCoVs) exist, of which Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and SARS-CoV (SARS) showed higher mortality rates without causing a pandemic. As of December 2022, SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in over 6.6 million deaths worldwide through an array of acute to chronic pathologies. Historical pandemics include smallpox and influenza with efficacious therapeutics utilized to reduce overall disease burden. Therefore, immune system process analysis is required to compare innate and adaptive immune system interactions. Lymphatic system organs include bone marrow and thymus using a network of nodes throughout which white blood cells traverse glycolipid membranes utilizing cytokines and chemokine gradients that affect cell development, differentiation, proliferation, and migration processes as well as genetic factors affecting cell receptor expression. Innate processes involve antigen-presenting cells and B lymphocyte cellular responses to pathogens relevant to other viral and bacterial infections but also in oncogenic diseases. Such processes utilize cluster of differentiation (CD) marker expression, major histocompatibility complexes (MHC), pleiotropic interleukins (IL) and chemokines. The adaptive immune system consists of Natural Killer (NK) and T cells. Other viruses are also contributory to cancer including human papillomavirus (cervical carcinoma ), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) ( lymphoma), hepatitis B and C (hepatocellular carcinoma) and human T cell leukemia virus-1 (adult T-cell leukemia). Bacterial infections also increase the risk of developing cancer( e.g. H. pylori). Therefore, as the above factors can cause both morbidity and mortality along-side being transmitted within clinical and community settings, it is appropriate to now examine advances in single cell sequencing, FACS analysis and many other laboratory techniques that allow insights into discoveries of newer cell types. These developments offer improved clarity and understanding that over-lap with known autoimmune conditions that could be affected by innate B cell or T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Thus, this review quantifies and outlines the nature of specific receptors and proteins relevant to clinical laboratories and medical research by documenting both innate and adaptive immune system cells within current coronavirus immunology case study data and other pathologies to date.

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“…Interestingly in contrast with other studies it was found that a 32 amino acid peptide (V551-L582) in the currently mapped RBD domain could be an immunodominant B Cell epitope equating to 58.7% of IgG samples tested [116][101] (See table 2). As above, naïve B cells expressing IgD + CD19 + CD27 -(see table 3) can be sole predictors of antibody titrations compared to control groups with high significance (P=0.009) [117]. Nonetheless, chronic COVID-19 disease patients presenting with DN (IgD -CD27 − ) B cells are shown to experience worse disease severity and complications.…”

Section: Figure 3: Icos-icosl Pathway In T-helper Cells Iii) Role Of ...mentioning

confidence: 86%

“…High IgA to low IgG titrations cause pathological consequences in the host involving decreased pathogenic phagocytosis, increased cellular apoptosis, and increased NETosis as reported in late stage fatal COVID-19 cases. Patients possessing a high IgG to IgA ratio experience greater inflammatory dampening, and immune responses, resulting in better prognoses and early-latestage disease resolution [117]. Limited data exists to reveal why SARS-CoV-2 induced COVID-19 disease exhibits such a novel antibody profile regarding IgG1/IgA1 responses.…”

Section: Figure 3: Icos-icosl Pathway In T-helper Cells Iii) Role Of ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellular and Humoral Immunity and Infection Responses to SARS-CoV-2:Immune Biomolecular Mechanisms by Case Study within SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis and Other Infections

Brown¹,

Ojha²,

Fricke³

et al. 2022

Preprint

0

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was caused by a positive sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, other human coronaviruses (hCoVs) exist, of which Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and SARS-CoV (SARS) showed higher mortality rates without causing a pandemic. As of December 2022, SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in over 6.6 million deaths worldwide through an array of acute to chronic pathologies. Historical pandemics include smallpox and influenza with efficacious therapeutics utilized to reduce overall disease burden. Therefore, immune system process analysis is required to compare innate and adaptive immune system interactions. Lymphatic system organs include bone marrow and thymus using a network of nodes throughout which white blood cells traverse glycolipid membranes utilizing cytokines and chemokine gradients that affect cell development, differentiation, proliferation, and migration processes as well as genetic factors affecting cell receptor expression. Innate processes involve antigen-presenting cells and B lymphocyte cellular responses to pathogens relevant to other viral and bacterial infections but also in oncogenic diseases. Such processes utilize cluster of differentiation (CD) marker expression, major histocompatibility complexes (MHC), pleiotropic interleukins (IL) and chemokines. The adaptive immune system consists of Natural Killer (NK) and T cells. Other viruses are also contributory to cancer including human papillomavirus (cervical carcinoma ), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) ( lymphoma), hepatitis B and C (hepatocellular carcinoma) and human T cell leukemia virus-1 (adult T-cell leukemia). Bacterial infections also increase the risk of developing cancer( e.g. H. pylori). Therefore, as the above factors can cause both morbidity and mortality along-side being transmitted within clinical and community settings, it is appropriate to now examine advances in single cell sequencing, FACS analysis and many other laboratory techniques that allow insights into discoveries of newer cell types. These developments offer improved clarity and understanding that over-lap with known autoimmune conditions that could be affected by innate B cell or T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Thus, this review quantifies and outlines the nature of specific receptors and proteins relevant to clinical laboratories and medical research by documenting both innate and adaptive immune system cells within current coronavirus immunology case study data and other pathologies to date.

show abstract

The role of B cells in COVID-19 infection and vaccination

Cited by 44 publications

References 174 publications

Different B cell activation patterns in asymptomatic and symptomatic COVID-19 patients

Different B cell activation patterns in asymptomatic and symptomatic COVID-19 patients

Cellular and Humoral Immunity and Infection Responses to SARS-CoV-2:Immune Biomolecular Mechanisms by Case Study within SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis and Other Infections

Cellular and Humoral Immunity and Infection Responses to SARS-CoV-2:Immune Biomolecular Mechanisms by Case Study within SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis and Other Infections

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