The Role of Estrogen in the Differentiation of Prolactin Producing Cells

Lieberman, M. E.; Slabaugh, Mary B.; Rutledge, J. J.; Gorski, Jillian K.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-030771-8.50040-1

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…First, congenital hypothyroidism impacts thyroid development during gestation (1, 7), potentially stimulating expansion of thyrotropes early enough to cause pituitary-wide hyperplasia. A second possibility is based on the fact that PRL production and lactotrope proliferation are stimulated by estrogen, and GH production is stimulated by thyroid hormone (23,24). Several lines of evidence support the derivation of thyrotropes, lactotropes, and somatotropes from a common precursor cell (22); thus, it is possible that the massive recruitment of thyrotropes during gestation reduces the precursor pool available for differentiation into the other two cell types.…”

Section: Disruption Of the Pituitary ␣-Subunit Gene Has A Dramatic Immentioning

confidence: 99%

Thyroid Hormone Is Essential for Pituitary Somatotropes and Lactotropes*

et al. 1999

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Mice homozygous for a disruption in the alpha-subunit essential for TSH, LH, and FSH activity (alphaGsu-/-) exhibit hypothyroidism and hypogonadism similar to that observed in TSH receptor-deficient hypothyroid mice (hyt) and GnRH-deficient hypogonadal mutants (hpg). Although the five major hormone-producing cells of the anterior pituitary are present in alphaGsu-/- mice, the relative proportions of each cell type are altered dramatically. Thyrotropes exhibit hypertrophy and hyperplasia, and somatotropes and lactotropes are underrepresented. The size and number of gonadotropes in alphaGsu mutants are not remarkable in contrast to the hypertrophy characteristic of gonadectomized animals. The reduction in lactotropes is more severe in alphaGsu mutants (13-fold relative to wild-type) than in hyt or hpg mutants (4.5- and 1.5-fold, respectively). In addition, T4 replacement therapy of alphaGsu mutants restores lactotropes to near-normal levels, illustrating the importance of T4, but not alpha-subunit, for lactotrope proliferation and function. T4 replacement is permissive for gonadotrope hypertrophy in alphaGsu mutants, consistent with the role for T4 in the function of gonadotropes. This study reveals the importance of thyroid hormone in developing the appropriate proportions of anterior pituitary cell types.

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Section: Disruption Of the Pituitary ␣-Subunit Gene Has A Dramatic Immentioning

confidence: 99%

Thyroid Hormone Is Essential for Pituitary Somatotropes and Lactotropes*

et al. 1999

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“…This could result in part from the hypogonadism and lack of gonadal steroids. PRL transcription and differentiation of lactotropes are enhanced by estrogen (Lieberman et al 1983), and fewer lactotropes and lower pituitary PRL levels have been observed after gonadectomy and in hpg mice, respectively (Ibrahim et al 1986;Mason et al 1986). However, hypogonadal mice generated by gonadotrope ablation have reduced pitu-on May 10, 2018 -Published by genesdev.cshlp.org Downloaded from…”

Section: Altered Ratios Of Cell Types In -/-Pituitariesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Targeted disruption of the pituitary glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit produces hypogonadal and hypothyroid mice.

Kendall¹,

Samuelson²,

Saunders³

et al. 1995

Genes Dev.

246

104

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Pituitary thyrotropin (TSH) and gonadotropins (LH and FSH) are thought to be critical for thyroid and gonadal development and function. Each of these pituitary hormones is a heterodimer composed of a common a-subunit and unique ~-subunit, and heterodimerization is required for function. No mutations in the a-subunit or any of the 13-subunit genes have been reported in mice. To assess directly the functional role of TSH, LH, and FSH in thyroid and gonadal development, we created a disruption of the a-subunit gene by homologous recombination. The homozygous mutant animals were hypogonadal and exhibited profound hypothyroidism resulting in dwarfism. Thyroid development was arrested in late gestation, but GnRH neuron migration, development of secondary sex organs, and fetal and neonatal gonadal development were normal. This establishes the importance of thyrotropin in ontogeny and reveals that fetal pituitary gonadotropins are not required for sexual differentiation or genital development in male or female fetuses. The pituitary cells that produce TSH 13-subunit exhibited dramatic hypertrophy and hyperplasia as a result of the lack of thyroid function. This proliferative response occurred at the expense of somatotrope and lactotrope cells, consistent with a derivation of these three cell types from a common precursor.

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“…The phenotypic characteristics of this hypopituitary mutant, including dwarfism, hypothyroidism, and infertility, can be attributed to lack of growth hormone, prolactin, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (Cheng et al, 1983;Bartke, 1965b). Various studies suggest that the mutation results in a failure to initiate synthesis of pituitary hormones during development (Slabaugh et al, 1982;Lieberman et al, 1983). Adult df/df mice are approximately half the weight of their wild-type littermates, yet their pituitary glands are disproportionately smaller due to the hypocellularity of the anterior lobe (Camper and Lloyd, unpublished observations;Cheng et al, 1983).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Localization of the panhypopituitary dwarf mutation (df) on mouse chromosome 11 in an intersubspecific backross

1991

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Ames dwarf (df) is an autosomal recessive mutation characterized by severe dwarfism and infertility. This mutation provides a mouse model for panhypopituitarism. The dwarf phenotype results from failure in the differentiation of the cells which produce growth hormone, prolactin, and thyroid stimulating hormone. Using the backcross (DF/B-df/df X CASA/Rk) X DF/B-df/df, we confirmed the assignment of df to mouse chromosome 11 and demonstrated recombination between df and the growth hormone gene. This backcross is an invaluable resource for screening candidate genes for the df mutation. The df locus maps to less than 1 cM distal to Pad-1 (0.85 +/- 0.85 cM). Two new genes localized on mouse chromosome 11, Rpo2-1, and Edp-1, map to a region of conserved synteny with human chromosome 17. The localization of the alpha 1 adrenergic receptor, Adra-1, extends a known region of synteny conservation between mouse chromosome 11 and human chromosome 5, and suggests that a human counterpart to df would map to human chromosome 5.

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The Role of Estrogen in the Differentiation of Prolactin Producing Cells

Cited by 3 publications

References 21 publications

Thyroid Hormone Is Essential for Pituitary Somatotropes and Lactotropes*

Thyroid Hormone Is Essential for Pituitary Somatotropes and Lactotropes*

Targeted disruption of the pituitary glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit produces hypogonadal and hypothyroid mice.

Localization of the panhypopituitary dwarf mutation (df) on mouse chromosome 11 in an intersubspecific backross

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