The Role of the Pediatric Cerebellum in Motor Functions, Cognition, and Behavior

Salman, Michael S.; Tsai, Peter T.

doi:10.1016/j.nic.2016.03.003

Cited by 69 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 157 publications

(142 reference statements)

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“…In the same study, sera of 53% of children with ADHD were reactivated with mouse cerebellar cells [36]. In light of these findings, cerebellar damage as well as increased cellular activation to compensate for hypofrontality were evident in ADHD although not as severely and frequently as in otistic patients [37]. In our study of ethiopathogenesis of cerebellar dysfunction, seronegativity of anti-Purkinje autoantibodies found in all patients with ADHD suggests that these autoantibodies have no role in pathogenesis and that other possible causes should be considered in Purkinje cell dysfunction.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and anti-Purkinje autoantibodies: no link?

Çetin

Cetin

Işık

et al. 2018

Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology

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OBJECTIVES: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurobehavioral disorder that begins in early childhood, and many factors play role in its etiology. Many studies have been conducted to identify the causes of ADHD, but the exact factors are still unknown. Although cerebellar dysfunction in the etiology of ADHD was shown in different studies, the possible causes of dysfunction and the role of neuroinflammation among these causes has not been clarified yet. Anti-Yo is an antibody against the antigens in the cytoplasm of purkinje cells and indicates cerebellar degeneration, and Anti-Hu and Anti-Ri are antibodies against cellular nuclear antigens of purkinje cells. This study aimed to evaluate the role of neuroinflammation that is a potential cause of cerebellar dysfunction, which is thought to be an important factor in the development of ADHD. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional and descriptive study that aimed to evaluate the potential association between ADHD and cerebellar neuroinflammation by comparing the serum antipurkinje cell antibody measurements between case and control groups. The cases were recruited at the Gazi University Child Psychiatry Department, and laboratory analyses were performed at the Ankara Numune Research and Training Hospital Medical Microbiology Department. Sixty children and adolescents with ADHD, and 60 healthy controls were planned to be included in the study. Cases that admitted with ADHD symptoms were given Conners teacher forms according to routine procedure; then the cases with scores over the cutoff of Conners teacher form were evaluated clinically for a diagnosis of ADHD, and after clinical evaluations they were asked to participate the study if they met the eligibility criteria. If they accept to participate the study, informed consents were given to cases and parents, and meanwhile, Turkish version of Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) was also applied to cases. A 5ml serum was spared from the blood samples that obtained for routine test during diagnosis. Control group was planned to be formed from the blood samples of 60 healthy children that admitted to child psychiatry clinic for counselling. At the time of analyses, diluted according to the directions of manufacturers, incubated with fluorescent staining including antibodies (Anti-Hu, Anti-Yo, and Anti-Ri), and evaluated under immunofluorescent microscope by three specialists. RESULTS: Sixty healthy volunteers and 60 cases with ADHD were included in the study. Some of the samples were excluded from the study due to the damage to laboratory tubes during transport. Assessments were conducted with 52 ADHD and 52 healthy control samples. The male/female ratio was 41/11(78.8%/21.2%) in the patient group and 35/17 (67.3%/32.7%) in the control group (p = 0.185). Average age was 9.81 ± 2.41 in the patient group and 9.46 ± 2.14 in the control group (p = 0.442). No positive results were obtained for anti-Purkinje antibody in ADHD or contro...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and anti-Purkinje autoantibodies: no link?

Çetin

Cetin

Işık

et al. 2018

Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology

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“…The findings give some insight into the role of the cerebellum. As known, the cerebellum plays a key role in the development and modulation of the motor system (Salman and Tsai, 2016), but also of the higher social cognitive function (Riva, 2000) and reward system (Carta et al, 2019). In typical development, its connections extend to different brain areas, such as the inferior frontal gyrus (Watson et al, 2014), insula (Kaufman et al, 1996;Dobromyslin et al, 2012), ventral tegmental area, and caudate (Fox and Williams, 1970;Carta et al, 2019).…”

Section: Whole-brain Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Regulation of the Fusiform Face Area in Autism Spectrum: A Feasibility Study With Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback

Pereira

Sepúlveda

Rana

et al. 2019

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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One of the most important and early impairments in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is the abnormal visual processing of human faces. This deficit has been associated with hypoactivation of the fusiform face area (FFA), one of the main hubs of the face-processing network. Neurofeedback based on real-time fMRI (rtfMRI-NF) is a technique that allows the self-regulation of circumscribed brain regions, leading to specific neural modulation and behavioral changes. The aim of the present study was to train participants with ASD to achieve up-regulation of the FFA using rtfMRI-NF, to investigate the neural effects of FFA up-regulation in ASD. For this purpose, three groups of volunteers with normal I.Q. and fluent language were recruited to participate in a rtfMRI-NF protocol of eight training runs in 2 days. Five subjects with ASD participated as part of the experimental group and received contingent feedback to up-regulate bilateral FFA. Two control groups, each one with three participants with typical development (TD), underwent the same protocol: one group with contingent feedback and the other with sham feedback. Whole-brain and functional connectivity analysis using each fusiform gyrus as independent seeds were carried out. The results show that individuals with TD and ASD can achieve FFA up-regulation with contingent feedback. RtfMRI-NF in ASD produced more numerous and stronger short-range connections among brain areas of the ventral visual stream and an absence of the long-range connections to insula and inferior frontal gyrus, as observed in TD subjects. Recruitment of inferior frontal gyrus was observed in both groups during FAA up-regulation. However, insula and caudate nucleus were only recruited in subjects with TD. These results could be explained from a

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“…The integration is dependent upon an intricate matrix of neural networks involving not only the cerebral hemispheres but also likely the entire brain, including the cerebellum. [55][56][57] Functionally, cognition occurs relatively harmoniously at the unconscious and conscious levels. The former corresponds to system 1 ("thinking fast") and the latter to system 2 ("thinking slow"), ie, the dual-process system; we function mainly in the quicker more energy-efficient system 1 (autopilot) mode and do so correctly most of the time; errors likely arise from both systems, although system 1 has generally been considered to be more error-prone.…”

Section: Cognitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cognition is the seamless integration of mental processes by which the brain transforms, stores, and uses internal and external inputs. The integration is dependent upon an intricate matrix of neural networks involving not only the cerebral hemispheres but also likely the entire brain, including the cerebellum . Functionally, cognition occurs relatively harmoniously at the unconscious and conscious levels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gating the holes in the Swiss cheese (part I): Expanding professor Reason's model for patient safety

Seshia

Young

Makhinson

et al. 2017

Evaluation Clinical Practice

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IntroductionAlthough patient safety has improved steadily, harm remains a substantial global challenge. Additionally, safety needs to be ensured not only in hospitals but also across the continuum of care. Better understanding of the complex cognitive factors influencing health care–related decisions and organizational cultures could lead to more rational approaches, and thereby to further improvement.HypothesisA model integrating the concepts underlying Reason's Swiss cheese theory and the cognitive‐affective biases plus cascade could advance the understanding of cognitive‐affective processes that underlie decisions and organizational cultures across the continuum of care.MethodsThematic analysis, qualitative information from several sources being used to support argumentation.Discussion Complex covert cognitive phenomena underlie decisions influencing health care. In the integrated model, the Swiss cheese slices represent dynamic cognitive‐affective (mental) gates: Reason's successive layers of defence. Like firewalls and antivirus programs, cognitive‐affective gates normally allow the passage of rational decisions but block or counter unsounds ones. Gates can be breached (ie, holes created) at one or more levels of organizations, teams, and individuals, by (1) any element of cognitive‐affective biases plus (conflicts of interest and cognitive biases being the best studied) and (2) other potential error‐provoking factors. Conversely, flawed decisions can be blocked and consequences minimized; for example, by addressing cognitive biases plus and error‐provoking factors, and being constantly mindful. Informed shared decision making is a neglected but critical layer of defence (cognitive‐affective gate). The integrated model can be custom tailored to specific situations, and the underlying principles applied to all methods for improving safety. The model may also provide a framework for developing and evaluating strategies to optimize organizational cultures and decisions.LimitationsThe concept is abstract, the model is virtual, and the best supportive evidence is qualitative and indirect.ConclusionsThe proposed model may help enhance rational decision making across the continuum of care, thereby improving patient safety globally.

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The Role of the Pediatric Cerebellum in Motor Functions, Cognition, and Behavior

Cited by 69 publications

References 157 publications

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and anti-Purkinje autoantibodies: no link?

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and anti-Purkinje autoantibodies: no link?

Self-Regulation of the Fusiform Face Area in Autism Spectrum: A Feasibility Study With Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback

Gating the holes in the Swiss cheese (part I): Expanding professor Reason's model for patient safety

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