“…Following the 1987 stock market crash, the SEC adopted "Order Handling Rules" which required market makers to publish their best bid and ask on the NASDAQ (Lindsey, Byrne, & Schwartz, 2016). Another reform made was the "Small Order Execution System," or "SOES," which required market makers to buy or sell, immediately, small orders (up to 1000 shares) at the market maker's listed bid or ask.…”