The Securitization of Migration in Hungary through Conspiracy Theories

Abstract

This study examines the securitization of migration in Hungary and its connection to conspiracy theories and populist rhetoric. The Copenhagen School's concept of securitization suggests that security issues are constructed through discourse, where certain topics are elevated to existential threats, justifying extraordinary measures. In Hungary, the government of Prime Minister Viktor Orbán has framed migration as a significant threat to Hungarian identity, culture, and values. This framing frequently relies on conspiracy theories, such as the Great Replacement and Eurabia, which claim that there is a deliberate plan to alter the demographic and cultural makeup of Europe. The study analyses Orbán's speeches and the policies his government has implemented, demonstrating a pattern where migration is portrayed as a severe danger, legitimizing strict responses such as border fences, anti-migrant legislation, and the targeting of institutions associated with liberal ideals. These securitization processes resonate with populist ideologies that create a dichotomy between "us" and "them," fostering division and fear. To understand these processes the article defines securitization, the interplay between conspiracy theories and populist style of politics and examines the Eurabia and Great Replacement conspiracy theories and the speeches of Orbán.