The seed and soil hypothesis: vascularisation and brain metastases

Fidler, Isaiah J.; Yano, Seiji; Zhang, Ruo Dan; Fujimaki, Takahashi; Bucana, Corazon D.

doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(01)00622-2

Cited by 390 publications

(271 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Significant HCC growth is dependant on angiogenesis, and an increase in tumor dimension beyond 0.5 mm will induce the proliferation of vascular endothelial cells . [18] . Overexpression of VEGF has been documented in HCC [7] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of serum vascular endothelial growth factor on prognosis in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma after transarterial chemoembolization

Guo

Zhu

et al. 2012

Chin. J. Cancer Res.

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Objective: To investigate the expression level of serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its relationship with the clinicopathological characteristics, and to assess the impact of serum VEGF as a predictive factor for HCC prognosis during transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) treatments.Methods: Serum VEGF levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 60 random patients who underwent TACE or transarterial infusion (TAI) for unresectable HCC between May and September 2008 and 12 healthy volunteers were also involved in this study to serve as control. All patients' clinicopathological features were retrospectively analyzed. Serum VEGF levels were correlated with clinicopathological features of the HCC patients. The patients' survival rates were analyzed with Kaplan-Meier survival curves and compared by the log-rank test. The prognostic significance of serum VEGF levels and factors related to survival rate were evaluated by univariate and multivariate analysis.Results: The median serum VEGF level in the HCC patients was 285 pg/ml (range 14−1,207 pg/ml), significantly higher than that of healthy controls (P=0.021). The serum VEGF levels were significantly correlated with platelet counts (r=0.396, P=0.002) but not other clinicopathological features. Patients with serum VEGF level >285 pg/ml had worse overall survival compared with those with serum VEGF level <285 pg/ml (P=0.002). By multivariate analysis, the serum VEGF level was a significant prognostic factor.Conclusion: High serum VEGF levels may predict poor prognosis of HCC after TACE. This study highlights the importance of tumor biomarker as a prognostic predictor in TACE therapy for HCC, which has an intrinsic problem of unavailability of histopathological prognostic features.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of serum vascular endothelial growth factor on prognosis in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma after transarterial chemoembolization

Guo

Zhu

et al. 2012

Chin. J. Cancer Res.

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“…However, the final metastatic outcome could be truncated by the presence of rate-limiting steps that may, for instance, negatively regulate growth expansion at the target organ, as has been demonstrated in other cancers. 29 Genetic, 30 immunological, and environmental factors, 31 among others, may influence the final outcome.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of circulating malignant cells and its correlation with prognostic factors and treatment in uveal melanoma. A prospective longitudinal study

Callejo

Antecka

Blanco

et al. 2006

Eye

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Purpose Most uveal melanoma patients (UMP) do not show evidence of metastases upon diagnosis. However, despite local tumour control, B50% of them will develop metastases. These findings suggest that malignant cells may have already disseminated by the time of initial diagnosis. The purpose of the study was to detect circulating malignant cells (CMCs) in UMP and to correlate them with prognostic factors and therapy. Methods Nested reverse transcriptasepolymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect CMCs. In each UMP, blood was collected every 3 months. In each visit, 20 RT-PCR tests were performed. The date of diagnosis, largest tumour dimension, type, and date of treatment were obtained. Results A total of 30 UMP were enrolled. Five patients were enrolled at the time of diagnosis and 25 patients between 1 and 17 years following diagnosis. No UMP showed clinical evidence of metastasis. A total of 136 visits were registered, 1360 samples collected, and 2720 RT-PCRs performed. CMCs were identified in 29 patients in 119 visits (87.5%). However, in each visit, a low number of positive tests were recorded. CMCs were found in newly diagnosed, irradiated, enucleated, and observed patients regardless of tumour size and time period following treatment. Conclusions Uveal melanoma (UM) is not a localized ocular disease. CMCs were recorded at initial diagnosis confirming the early metastatic nature of UM. CMCs were present following treatment, including enucleation, demonstrating that CMCs are capable of disseminating and surviving, possibly as micrometastasis, which would contribute to the pool of CMCs at a later stage. Systemic therapy should be evaluated.

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“…43 When the shear force (F S ) generated by the laminar flow is equal to or greater than F A , the cell can be removed from the surface. The velocity dependent shear force, F S , was determined from Stokes' law: (3) where r is the cell radius (12 μm for MCF-7 cells), η is the solution viscosity (4.8 cP for whole blood with a hematocrit level of 0.4), and ν c is the critical linear velocity that can induce cell detachment. Rearrangement of eq 3 produced a value of 2.4 × 10 2 cm s −1 for ν c assuming nondeformable contact.…”

Section: Shear Effects On Captured Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Efficient Circulating Tumor Cell Isolation from Whole Blood and Label-Free Enumeration Using Polymer-Based Microfluidics with an Integrated Conductivity Sensor

et al. 2008

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A novel microfluidic device that can selectively and specifically isolate exceedingly small numbers of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) through a monoclonal antibody (mAB) mediated process by sampling large input volumes (≥1 mL) of whole blood directly in short time periods (<37 min) was demonstrated. The CTCs were concentrated into small volumes (190 nL), and the number of cells captured was read without labeling using an integrated conductivity sensor following release from the capture surface. The microfluidic device contained a series (51) of high-aspect ratio microchannels (35 μm width × 150 μm depth) that were replicated in poly(methyl methacrylate), PMMA, from a metal mold master. The microchannel walls were covalently decorated with mABs directed against breast cancer cells overexpressing the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM). This microfluidic device could accept inputs of whole blood, and its CTC capture efficiency was made highly quantitative (>97%) by designing capture channels with the appropriate widths and heights. The isolated CTCs were readily released from the mAB capturing surface using trypsin. The released CTCs were then enumerated on-device using a novel, label-free solution conductivity route capable of detecting single tumor cells traveling through the detection electrodes. The conductivity readout provided near 100% detection efficiency and exquisite specificity for CTCs due to scaling factors and the nonoptimal electrical properties of potential interferences (erythrocytes or leukocytes). The simplicity in manufacturing the device and its ease of operation make it attractive for clinical applications requiring one-time use operation.

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The seed and soil hypothesis: vascularisation and brain metastases

Cited by 390 publications

References 33 publications

Impact of serum vascular endothelial growth factor on prognosis in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma after transarterial chemoembolization

Impact of serum vascular endothelial growth factor on prognosis in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma after transarterial chemoembolization

Identification of circulating malignant cells and its correlation with prognostic factors and treatment in uveal melanoma. A prospective longitudinal study

Highly Efficient Circulating Tumor Cell Isolation from Whole Blood and Label-Free Enumeration Using Polymer-Based Microfluidics with an Integrated Conductivity Sensor

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