The self-generated full body illusion is accompanied by impaired detection of somatosensory stimuli

Swinkels, Lieke M J; Schie, Hein T. van; Veling, Harm; Horst, Arjan C. ter; Dijksterhuis, Ap

doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2019.102987

Cited by 9 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…A common way to assess the presence of an illusion is to ask participants to complete a questionnaire following a session of synchronous or asynchronous stimulation (Aimola Davies et al, 2013). Participants are usually asked questions that tap into the transfer of touch towards the virtual body, self-location, causality and body ownership (e.g., Aimola Davies et al, 2013;Botvinick and Cohen, 1998;Lenggenhager et al, 2007;Swinkels et al, 2020a).…”

Section: Illusion Questionnairesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Participants took place in a head-mounted display setup (Lenggenhager et al, 2007;Swinkels et al, 2020a) and were presented with a full-body perspective of their own back. The participants were filmed by a Logitech C920 Pro (Logitech, Lausanne, Switzerland) camera (placed on a tripod) that was positioned 1.5 m behind them.…”

Section: Head-mounted Display Setupmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To induce the illusion, the participant wears a head-mounted display (HMD) that shows a live feed of a connected camera that is positioned approximately 1.5 m behind the participant. The FBI can be induced by an experimenter who provides synchronous visual and tactile stimulation by stroking the participants on the back (Aspell et al, 2009;Lenggenhager et al, 2007), by means of a robotic stroking device (Salomon et al, 2013) or by the participants themselves using a robotic stroking device (Hara et al, 2014), neck stroking (Swinkels et al, 2020a) or stroking movements without touch (Swinkels et al, 2020b). Multisensory integration of synchronous signals originating from the different modalities is thought to underlie the illusion (Botvinick and Cohen, 1998;Ehrsson, 2012;Ehrsson et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Redundant Signals Effect and the Full Body Illusion: not Multisensory, but Unisensory Tactile Stimuli Are Affected by the Illusion

2021

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During a full body illusion (FBI), participants experience a change in self-location towards a body that they see in front of them from a third-person perspective and experience touch to originate from this body. Multisensory integration is thought to underlie this illusion. In the present study we tested the redundant signals effect (RSE) as a new objective measure of the illusion that was designed to directly tap into the multisensory integration underlying the illusion. The illusion was induced by an experimenter who stroked and tapped the participant’s shoulder and underarm, while participants perceived the touch on the virtual body in front of them via a head-mounted display. Participants performed a speeded detection task, responding to visual stimuli on the virtual body, to tactile stimuli on the real body and to combined (multisensory) visual and tactile stimuli. Analysis of the RSE with a race model inequality test indicated that multisensory integration took place in both the synchronous and the asynchronous condition. This surprising finding suggests that simultaneous bodily stimuli from different (visual and tactile) modalities will be transiently integrated into a multisensory representation even when no illusion is induced. Furthermore, this finding suggests that the RSE is not a suitable objective measure of body illusions. Interestingly however, responses to the unisensory tactile stimuli in the speeded detection task were found to be slower and had a larger variance in the asynchronous condition than in the synchronous condition. The implications of this finding for the literature on body representations are discussed.

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Section: Illusion Questionnairesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Head-mounted Display Setupmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Redundant Signals Effect and the Full Body Illusion: not Multisensory, but Unisensory Tactile Stimuli Are Affected by the Illusion

2021

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“…In sum, the question whether the inclusion of additional multisensory information can uplift (illusory) embodiment or whether the illusion should be seen as an all-or-nothing phenomenon can, in our view, not be answered clearly yet on the basis of the current literature. In our study we have chosen to investigate this research question in the context of the full body illusion (FBI) as insights into the nature of illusory embodiment may help to optimize systems of virtual reality and possibly prevent costs for the real body that are considered to accompany online role-playing from a third person perspective (3PP; Ganesh et al, 2012 ; Swinkels et al, 2020 ). During the experience of a full body illusion (FBI; Lenggenhager et al, 2007 ) participants experience touch to originate from a body that they see in front of them and report to feel spatially disjoint from their body.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As is the case with the RHI, the illusion breaks if the visual information and tactile sensations are presented asynchronously and/or or in spatially incompatible locations. Recent studies have found that the FBI may also be self-generated through tactile self-stimulation as mediated by a robotic device (Hara et al, 2014 ) or more simply through stroking their own neck (Swinkels et al, 2020 ). Importantly, the functional mechanisms that are held responsible for the FBI, e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Availability of synchronous information in an additional sensory modality does not enhance the full body illusion

Swinkels

Veling

Dijksterhuis

et al. 2020

Psychological Research

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The Full body illusion (FBI) is an illusion in which participants experience a change in self-location to a body that is perceived from a third-person perspective. The FBI is usually induced through experimenter generated stroking but can also be induced through self-generated stroking. In four experiments (three preregistered) we compared a self-generated stroking induction condition to a self-generated movement condition, where the only difference between conditions was the presence or absence of touch. We investigated whether the illusion reflects an all-or-nothing phenomenon or whether the illusion is influenced by the availability of synchronous information in an additional sensory modality. As a prerequisite, we investigated whether the FBI can also be induced using just self-generated movement in the absence of synchronous touch. Illusion strength was measured through illusion statements. Participants reported an equally strong illusion for both induction methods in Experiments 1, 2 and 3. In the third experiment, we additionally measured the time of illusion onset. Like the illusion strength measures, the illusion onset times did not differ between the two induction methods. In the fourth experiment participants only completed the self-generated movement condition. Again, they reported the FBI, demonstrating that the findings of Experiments 1, 2 and 3 were not dependent on the presence of a condition that used synchronous touch. Together, these findings confirm the hypothesis that the FBI is an all-or-nothing phenomenon and that adding additional multisensory synchronicity does not help to enhance the strength, onset time or onset probability of the illusion.

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Diametrical modulation of tactile and visual perceptual thresholds during the rubber hand illusion: a predictive coding account

Sebastiano

Bruno

Ronga

et al. 2021

Psychological Research

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The self-generated full body illusion is accompanied by impaired detection of somatosensory stimuli

Cited by 9 publications

References 47 publications

The Redundant Signals Effect and the Full Body Illusion: not Multisensory, but Unisensory Tactile Stimuli Are Affected by the Illusion

The Redundant Signals Effect and the Full Body Illusion: not Multisensory, but Unisensory Tactile Stimuli Are Affected by the Illusion

Availability of synchronous information in an additional sensory modality does not enhance the full body illusion

Diametrical modulation of tactile and visual perceptual thresholds during the rubber hand illusion: a predictive coding account

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