The sensitivity of three methods to nonnormality and unequal variances in interval estimation of effect sizes

Chen, Li-Ting; Peng, Chao-Ying Joanne

doi:10.3758/s13428-014-0461-3

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 27 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Bootstrap is one of the robust ways to test differences between the means (Field, 2009). Robust Bias-corrected and accelerated (BCa) method of bootstrap is used when the sample size in each group is unequal and has less than 30 sample size (Chen and Peng, 2014). As sample size in all the classes, all demographic variables were unequal and less than 30, we used the BCa method of bootstrap.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bootstrap is one of the robust ways to test differences between the means (Field, 2009). Biascorrected and accelerated (BCa) method of bootstrap is used when the sample size in each group is unequal and has less than 30 sample sizes (Chen and Peng, 2014). Further, it is recommended to use 2,000 bootstrap samples (Field and Wilcox, 2017).…”

Section: Impact Of Covid-19 Pandemicmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The number of cases in each class of the income was not equal (Table 1). Therefore, we used the BCa method of bootstrap (Chen and Peng, 2014). We also calculated the effect size: where: SS B = sum of squares between the groups, SS T = sum of squares total, MS W = mean square within the groups, K = number of levels of an independent variable.…”

Section: Hypotheses Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Perceived eWallet security: impact of COVID-19 pandemic

Undale

Kulkarni

Patil

2020

XJM

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Purpose Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic forced nationwide lockdown in India. During the period of lockdown usage of eWallet increased by 44%. With the increased usage of digital transactions, cyber-crime attacks also increased as much as by 86%. The socio-economic environment and the peoples’ mindset in the country yet not ready for this kind of rise in digital transactions. The purpose of this study is to capture “security concern” and “comfortability” in regard to using eWallet during the COVID-19 pandemic situation. The study further investigated the influence of demographics such as gender and income on “security concern” and “comfortability” in using eWallet. Design/methodology/approach This was an empirical study. The respondents were selected using a purposive sampling method. Only those people who had been using eWallet were included in the survey. The questionnaire was circulated to 100 respondents who agreed to participate in the survey. After scrutiny total of 43 questionnaires were found to be completely filled in all aspects, and thus used for analysis. This study used an innovative multi-method approach for analysis. The hypotheses were tested using two methods: the conventional p-value method and the robust BCa bootstrap method. The effect size was also reported. Findings The findings suggest that female users are more concerned about eWallet security than male users. This study showed that people from the middle-income group are more concerned about the security of digital payments than the people from the lower-income group. Research limitations/implications This study covered the influence of two demographic variables “gender” and “income” on security and comfort in using eWallets. Other demographic variables such as age, education, occupation and area of residence (rural or urban) need to be investigated with the inclusion of rural populations. From the findings of this study, this paper argues that the middle-income group in India is more risk intolerant than the lower-income group while higher and lower-income groups are indifferent. A separate detailed study is recommended for additional support. This study used an innovative multi-method approach of analysis and use of bootstrapping. This may encourage other researchers to adopt such approaches. Practical implications This study showed that irrespective of the forceful adoption; security concerns are prevailing and on the rise. This is an alarm to developers and service providers that, although the use of eWallets increased exponentially during this COVID-19 pandemic, it is a forceful adoption and not willful. They should not get deceived by rise in eWallet users and must endeavor to improve the security of eWallets otherwise, there may be a sharp decline in eWallet users once the COVID-19 pandemic is over. Originality/value This study attempted to capture the comfortability and security concerns of eWallet users during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study used an innovative multi-method approach of analysis and used bootstrapping in addition to the conventional p-value method to test the significance. This study showed that irrespective of the forceful adoption of eWallets owing to the COVID-19 pandemic, security concerns are prevailing and on the rise. The study confirms that gender has an influence on eWallet security. The findings of this study are in partial conformity with the findings of previous researchers.

show abstract

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Impact Of Covid-19 Pandemicmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hypotheses Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Perceived eWallet security: impact of COVID-19 pandemic

Undale

Kulkarni

Patil

2020

XJM

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Due to unequal variances and skewed distributions in the data, bootstrapping techniques were used. Bootstrapping is a re-sampling method that does not make any assumptions on the sample's distribution (Chen and Peng, 2015 ) and is robust to violations of normality and heteroscedasticity (Parra-Frutos, 2014 ). Bootstrapping was carried out using a bias-corrected approach with 5000 samples to calculate bias-corrected 95% confidence intervals.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Better Working Memory and Motor Inhibition in Children Who Delayed Gratification

Kam

Lee

2016

Front. Psychol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Despite the extensive research on delayed gratification over the past few decades, the neurocognitive processes that subserve delayed gratification remains unclear. As an exploratory step in studying these processes, the present study aims to describe the executive function profiles of children who were successful at delaying gratification and those who were not.Methods: A total of 138 kindergarten students (65 males, 73 females; Mage = 44 months, SD = 3.5; age range = 37–53 months) were administered a delayed gratification task, a 1-back test, a Day/night Stroop test and a Go/no-go test. The outcome measures of these tests were then analyzed between groups using a Multivariate Analysis of Variance, and subsequently a Multivariate Analysis of Covariance incorporating age as a covariate.Results: Children who were successful in delaying gratification were significantly older and had significantly better outcomes in the 1-back test and go/no-go test. With the exception of the number of hits in the go/no-go test, all other group differences remained significant after controlling for age.Conclusion: Children who were successful in delaying gratification showed better working memory and motor inhibition relative to those who failed the delayed gratification task. The implications of these findings are discussed.

show abstract

“…As a result of skewed distributions in the data, bootstrapping techniques were used. Bootstrapping is method of re-sampling that does not make any assumption on the sample's distribution (Chen and Peng, 2015) and is robust to violations of normality and sphericity (Berkovits et al, 2000). Bootstrapping was carried out using the Bias-Corrected and Accelerated approach with 5000 bootstrap samples.…”

Section: Statistical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%