The several elements of intestinal innate immune system at the beginning of the life of broiler chicks

Eren, Ülker; Kum, Ş.; Nazlıgül, Ahmet; Güleş, Özay; Aka, E.; Zorlu, S.; Yıldız, Mustafa

doi:10.1002/jemt.22674

Cited by 13 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…live weight by approximately 6 weeks. The breeding program has caused broilers to be very sensitive to stress and the related gut inflammation due to selection-associated metabolic disorders and immature immune system, mostly during the first few weeks of life [ 30 , 31 ]. Sub-therapeutic levels of antibiotics have been used as growth promotors in broiler production to prevent or control the incidence of clinical and subclinical diseases, such as necrotic enteritis caused by Clostridium perfringens , and increasing food digestion and nutrient absorption [ 32 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacillus subtilis-Based Probiotic Improves Skeletal Health and Immunity in Broiler Chickens Exposed to Heat Stress

Jiang

Yan

et al. 2021

Animals

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The elevation of ambient temperature beyond the thermoneutral zone leads to heat stress, which is a growing health and welfare issue for homeothermic animals aiming to maintain relatively constant reproducibility and survivability. Particularly, global warming over the past decades has resulted in more hot days with more intense, frequent, and long-lasting heat waves, resulting in a global surge in animals suffering from heat stress. Heat stress causes pathophysiological changes in animals, increasing stress sensitivity and immunosuppression, consequently leading to increased intestinal permeability (leaky gut) and related neuroinflammation. Probiotics, as well as prebiotics and synbiotics, have been used to prevent or reduce stress-induced negative effects on physiological and behavioral homeostasis in humans and various animals. The current data indicate dietary supplementation with a Bacillus subtilis-based probiotic has similar functions in poultry. This review highlights the recent findings on the effects of the probiotic Bacillus subtilis on skeletal health of broiler chickens exposed to heat stress. It provides insights to aid in the development of practical strategies for improving health and performance in poultry.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacillus subtilis-Based Probiotic Improves Skeletal Health and Immunity in Broiler Chickens Exposed to Heat Stress

Jiang

Yan

et al. 2021

Animals

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“…Despite the lack of information, studies suggest that mucosal epithelial cells of birds, similar to mammals, actively participate in innate immune responses against harmful pathogens. Eren et al showed that IEC of day old chicks express both TLR4 and TLR2 [ 10 ], and additional studies showed that avian mucosal epithelial cells, including enterocytes, produce and secrete various antibacterial compounds which include lysozymes,β defensins, cathelicidins and avidin [ 11 – 16 ]. Moreover, it was shown that avian enterocytes obtained from orally BSA-immunized birds responded in an antigen specific manner to additional antigenic stimulus, and were suggested to be active participants in induction of intestinal anaphylaxis [ 17 , 18 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Innate immune functions of avian intestinal epithelial cells: Response to bacterial stimuli and localization of responding cells in the developing avian digestive tract

Shira

Friedman

2018

PLoS ONE

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Intestinal epithelial cells are multi-tasked cells that participate in digestion and absorption as well as in protection of the digestive tract. While information on the physiology and immune functions of intestinal epithelial cells in mammals is abundant, little is known of their immune function in birds and other species. Our main objectives were to study the development of anti-bacterial innate immune functions in the rapidly developing gut of the pre- and post-hatch chick and to determine the functional diversity of epithelial cells. After establishing primary intestinal epithelial cell cultures, we demonstrated their capacity to uptake and process bacteria. The response to bacterial products, LPS and LTA, induced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes (IL-6, IL-18) as well as the expression of the acute phase proteins avidin, lysozyme and the secretory component derived from the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor. These proteins were then localized in gut sections, and the goblet cell was shown to store avidin, lysozyme as well as secretory component. Lysozyme staining was also located in a novel rod-shaped intestinal cell, situated at different loci along the villus, thus deviating from the classical Paneth cell in the mammal, that is restricted to crypts. Thus, in the chicken, the intestinal epithelium, and particularly goblet cells, are committed to innate immune protection. The unique role of the goblet cell in chicken intestinal immunity, as well as the unique distribution of lysozyme-positive cells highlight alternative solutions of gut protection in the bird.

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“…The web of reticular fibres forming the stroma of the cecal tissue had the impression that the lymphoid cells filling in time. In the literature review, there was no evidence of the organization of the reticular fibres in the intestinal tissue except for the one‐day‐old chicks given the first section of this study (Eren et al, 2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…Thus, we hypothesized that innate immune system elements of chicks against antigens could be important at the beginning of their lives and the specific defence mechanisms are involved overtime after this initial period. To test this, we initially evaluated the composition of the innate immune system elements in the intestines of newly hatched chicks (Eren et al, 2016). We then investigated the histological development of CTs and the distribution of antigen-presenting cells with toll-like receptors within the first two weeks after hatching.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

TLR2 and TLR4 molecules and antigen‐presenting cell compositions in cecal tonsils of broiler chicks (Gallus gallus domesticus) in the first two weeks of the post‐hatch period

Eren

Kum

Nazlıgül

et al. 2021

Anat Histol Embryol

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Chickens do not have lymph nodes. Gut-associated lymphoid tissue is the major immunological organization for the digestive system. Cecal tonsils are an important part of this organization. This study is a descriptive and experimental study that was conducted to determine the histological development of the cecal tonsils and the distribution of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, TLR4 and antigen-presenting cells during the first 2 weeks of the chick's life. The tissue sections were stained using Crossmon's triple technique, Gordon and Sweet's silver impregnation, and streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase complex methods. The classical tonsil framework with fossa and tonsillar units were observed in 4 days cecal tissue. The web of reticular fibres forming the stroma of the tissue had the impression that the lymphoid cells filling in time. The development of cecal tonsil was completed histologically on the day 10 and following day 14 samples. Regardless of the antigenic stimulation, TLR2, TLR4 and CD83, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules are present in proximal cecal tissue. However, CD83-positive dendritic cells in the germinal centre were first distinguished on day 7. Furthermore, the high antigen presentation capacity of the cecum with an intense MHC class II molecule expression was determined. Histological and immunohistochemical findings in this study revealed that both innate and adaptive cecal defence mechanisms were in the learning period during the first 2 weeks. The learning period of innate immunity may require more detailed research. However, the results obtained in this study will be taken into consideration in the vaccination programmes in chicks.

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The several elements of intestinal innate immune system at the beginning of the life of broiler chicks

Cited by 13 publications

References 54 publications

Bacillus subtilis-Based Probiotic Improves Skeletal Health and Immunity in Broiler Chickens Exposed to Heat Stress

Bacillus subtilis-Based Probiotic Improves Skeletal Health and Immunity in Broiler Chickens Exposed to Heat Stress

Innate immune functions of avian intestinal epithelial cells: Response to bacterial stimuli and localization of responding cells in the developing avian digestive tract

TLR2 and TLR4 molecules and antigen‐presenting cell compositions in cecal tonsils of broiler chicks (Gallus gallus domesticus) in the first two weeks of the post‐hatch period

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