The Shock-to-Detonation Transition in Solid Explosives

Jacobs, S. J.; Liddiard, T. P.; Drimmer, B. E.

doi:10.1016/b978-1-4832-2759-7.50063-7

Cited by 12 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Later research suggests that, in order to explain the observation that there was a time lag between the start of the laser pulse start and the onset of light emission from reaction, a mechanism akin to SDT or DDT may, indeed, be occurring [6]. The mechanisms of this direct shock initiation to detonation (SDT) [10,11] will also be discussed in later sections. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain these effects.…”

Section: Initiation Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Laser Initiation

Ahmad¹,

Cartwright²

2014

Laser Ignition of Energetic Materials

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The first experiments with laser initiation of energetic materials as an alternative to standard electrical initiation were performed in the early 1960s. This was a direct consequence of the success of laser beams in cutting through steel and other metal sheets by rapidly melting them. Most of the lasers used were in the red to infrared region, since it was thought that direct heating was the optimum method to achieve the rapid combustion needed for typical propellant ignition. Looking at the scattering of laser radiation in Raman spectrometry, the closer the radiation wavelength is to the molecular vibration frequencies, the stronger the inelastic scattering is, and the more energy is transferred to molecular vibrations; the criteria for an increase in temperature leading to ignition.Later work used lasers to initiate secondary high explosives directly, thus eliminating the need for highly sensitive primary explosives. The experimental arrangement for this study is shown in Figure 2.1. Note the advantage of not having a very sensitive primary explosive, so that the chances of accidental initiation are very much reduced.Laser-initiated field guns started to be tested by the US army in the early 1990s, with the Nd/Glass laser operating at 1.05 μm being the one of choice because of its small dimensions, ruggedness, long life and low cost. The object of these preliminary trials was to initiate the gunpowder booster directly without using the standard, percussion-sensitive military M82 primer. This wavelength was also very adaptable, since it could be transmitted over considerable distances by high purity silica optical fibres, with very little loss due to radiation absorption. Simple use of splitter systems in the optical fibres enabled a number of initiation points to be simultaneously initiated, giving an optimized burn within a single propellant charge. Fibre optic transmission of the laser beam also enabled multiple charges to be initiated simultaneously from a single firing command. This latter has a distinct attraction for quarrying operations if delay detonators can be initiated.A number of prototype guns using laser initiation have been demonstrated in the early 21st century, but regular operation has not been implemented. The Crusader SPH XM2001Laser Ignition of Energetic Materials, First Edition. S Rafi Ahmad and Michael Cartwright.

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Section: Initiation Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Laser Initiation

Ahmad¹,

Cartwright²

2014

Laser Ignition of Energetic Materials

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“…31 Eyring et al proposed that reaction would be initiated at points of contacts between crystals where hot spots were formed as a result of intergranular friction during the compression by the shock wave. 31 Eyring et al proposed that reaction would be initiated at points of contacts between crystals where hot spots were formed as a result of intergranular friction during the compression by the shock wave.…”

Section: Viscoplastic Flowmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Microstructure on Explosive Behavior

2000

Solid Propellant Chemistry, Combustion, and Motor Interior Ballistics

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L IntroductionI T is almost axiomatic that the macroscopic behavior of a material is strongly dependent on its microstructure. This is especially true for explosives, where variations in microstructure have a marked effect on many aspects of reactivity that affect safety, handling, and performance. Although the importance of effects of microstructure on certain aspects of explosive behavior has been well known for many years, a thorough and accurate description of the relationship between explosive behavior and microstructure still eludes us. This review is intended to summarize our current understanding of this relationship and to indicate directions for further research. Although the review is intended to focus primarily on the influence of microstructures on macroscopic behaviors, there are certain behaviors in between the microstructural and macrostructural that need to be addressed, and these are discussed as well. Further, some attention is given to the macroscopic behaviors that are believed to be sensitive to microstructural effects.Examples of explosive behaviors that are believed to be quite sensitive to microstructural effects are shock sensitivity, fragment impact sensitivity, thermal (cookoff) response, friction response, and response to low-velocity impact. In this chapter, we address each of these in turn, although not at the same level of detail. The level of detail will be partly driven by the extent to which researchers have explored microstructural effects and partly by the importance of microstructures to the explosive behavior. (The role of microstructure in shock initiation behavior has been much more thoroughly investigated than the role of microstructure in cookoff behavior, for example. Also, the influence of microstructural features on various forms of sensitivity is typically much greater than its influence on performance.)

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“…*Thpse experiments were described in qualitative terms in Ref. 8, which discussed the general subject of shock-to-initiation ti ,ns it ion. The data from the resulting shadowgraph were then reduced to give the shock '.elocity in the Plexiglas as a function of distance from the interface of the (donor) explosive and Plexiglas.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Propagation Failure in Solid Explosives Under Dynamic Pre-Compression

Drimmer¹,

Liddiard²

1964

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The Shock-to-Detonation Transition in Solid Explosives

Cited by 12 publications

References 7 publications

Review of Laser Initiation

Review of Laser Initiation

Effects of Microstructure on Explosive Behavior

Propagation Failure in Solid Explosives Under Dynamic Pre-Compression

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