The “Silent Majority” in Black and White

Fortner, Michael Javen

doi:10.1177/0096144213508615

Cited by 12 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…In general, when the reliability of a cultural element is high and the probability of occurrence of a cultural element is small, it corresponds to a larger reliability coefficient; conversely, a cultural element parameter that is prone to occurrence of a cultural element corresponds to a smaller reliability coefficient [18][19][20]. When a cultural element occurs, RITNN reduces the weight of the cultural element parameter error in the objective function through the reliability coefficient, reducing the residual contamination of other parameters and providing a reliable guarantee for the next influential factor function.…”

Section: Robust Input Training Neural Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Evaluation of Popular Song Creation and Literature Based on RITNN Model

Song

2022

Mathematical Problems in Engineering

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The era of modernity and information technology has entered people's lives, which has brought new challenges to innovative culture and art to a great extent, especially changing the relationship between traditional culture and pop music creation. In order to better automate music creation, this paper proposes a mixed model of cultural term evaluation of Chinese pop songs based on RITNN, which sets up RNN structure composition models of different channels. Through this method, a data reconstruction model of important cultural elements of simultaneous interpretation is established. The experiment fully proves that the pop music creation in traditional cultural materials not only integrates the essence of traditional cultural elements but also makes new creation. This scheme can evaluate the integration effect of traditional cultural elements in pop music creation.

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Section: Robust Input Training Neural Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Evaluation of Popular Song Creation and Literature Based on RITNN Model

Song

2022

Mathematical Problems in Engineering

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“…While white communities experienced an increase in property crime, specifically car theft, African Americans living in impoverished neighborhoods were threatened by a wave of violent crime, particularly burglary and homicide. 279 The major federal response came in 1970 with the passage of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act. The Act created the federal drug schedule and centralized previous drug prohibition policies, establishing the underlying framework for the modern era of federal drug enforcement.…”

Section: The Vietnam War At Home and Abroadmentioning

confidence: 99%

Employment Mobility and the Belated Emergence of the Black Middle Class

Lazonick

Moss

Weitz

2021

INET Working Paper Series

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As the Covid-19 pandemic takes its disproportionate toll on African Americans, the historical perspective in this working paper provides insight into the socioeconomic conditions under which President-elect Joe Biden’s campaign promise to “build back better” might actually begin to deliver the equal employment opportunity that was promised by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Far from becoming the Great Society that President Lyndon Johnson promised, the United States has devolved into a greedy society in which economic inequality has run rampant, leaving most African Americans behind. In this installment of our “Fifty Years After” project, we sketch a long-term historical perspective on the Black employment experience from the last decades of the nineteenth century into the 1970s. We follow the transition from the cotton economy of the post-slavery South to the migration that accelerated during World War I as large numbers of Blacks sought employment in mass-production industries in Northern cities such as Detroit, Pittsburgh, and Chicago. For the interwar decades, we focus in particular on the Black employment experience in the Detroit automobile industry. During World War II, especially under pressure from President Roosevelt’s Fair Employment Practices Committee, Blacks experienced tangible upward employment mobility, only to see much of it disappear with demobilization. In the 1960s and into the 1970s, however, supported by the Civil Rights Act and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Blacks made significant advances in employment opportunity, especially by moving up the blue-collar occupational hierarchy into semiskilled and skilled unionized jobs. These employment gains for Blacks occurred within a specific historical context that included a) strong demand for blue-collar and clerical labor in the U.S. mass-production industries, which still dominated in global competition; b) the unquestioned employment norm within major U.S. business corporations of a career with one company, supported at the blue-collar level by mass-production unions that had become accepted institutions in the U.S. business system; c) the upward intergenerational mobility of white households from blue-collar employment requiring no more than a high-school education to white-collar employment requiring a higher education, creating space for Blacks to fill the blue-collar void; and d) a relative absence of an influx of immigrants as labor-market competition to Black employment. As we will document in the remaining papers in this series, from the 1980s these conditions changed dramatically, resulting in erosion of the blue-collar gains that Blacks had achieved in the 1960s and 1970s as the Great Society promise of equal employment opportunity for all Americans disappeared.

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“…A recent wave of political science research adds two important modifications to this dominant account. One modification is that violent crime rose dramatically between the mid-1960s and mid-1970s, and as a result middle and working class blacks were also supportive of a more punitive criminal justice system [51][52][53]. This links the political story to the above discussion of within-race inequality.…”

Section: Race Politics and The Punitiveness Of The Criminal Justice Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population Growth, Migration, and Changes in the Racial Differential in Imprisonment in the United States, 1940–1980

Harding

Winship

2016

Social Sciences

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The proportion of U.S. prison inmates who were black increased dramatically between 1940 and 2000. While about two-thirds of the increase occurred between 1940 and 1970, most recent research analyzes the period after 1970, focusing on explanations such as the war on drugs, law-and-order politics, discrimination, inequality, and racial threat. We analyze the growth in the racial difference in incarceration between 1940 and 1980, focusing on the role of demographic processes, particularly population growth, migration, and urbanization. We implement three analyses to assess the role of these demographic processes: (1) a simple accounting model that decomposes the national trend into population growth, changes in arrests, and changes in sentencing;(2) a model of state variation in incarceration that decomposes the racial difference in incarceration into population change, migration between states with different incarceration rates, and other processes; and (3) race-specific models of within-state variation in incarceration rates using state characteristics coupled with a decomposition of the role of changes in state characteristics.

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The “Silent Majority” in Black and White

Cited by 12 publications

References 7 publications

Effect of Evaluation of Popular Song Creation and Literature Based on RITNN Model

Effect of Evaluation of Popular Song Creation and Literature Based on RITNN Model

Employment Mobility and the Belated Emergence of the Black Middle Class

Population Growth, Migration, and Changes in the Racial Differential in Imprisonment in the United States, 1940–1980

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