The simulation of the soil ionization phenomenon around the grounding system by the finite element method

Overview of Recent Progress in Lightning Research and Lightning Protection

“…During the last decade, a great deal of effort has been devoted to the modeling of grounding systems at HF [173]- [182]. Specific models were developed to deal with soil ionization [183]- [187] and different numerical techniques were applied (e.g., finiteelement method [188], MoM, and arithmetic operator method [189]). A survey of modeling techniques applied to frequencydomain and transient analysis of grounding electrodes under lightning conditions is presented in [182].…”

Investigations of earthing systems under steady-state and transients with FEM and experimental work

“…There are three techniques can be found in literature [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] on the investigations of earthing systems; using laboratory [1][2][3][4][5] and field measurements [6][7][8][9] and also analytical and computer models [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. These investigations not only contribute to the study of soil behaviour, but also confirm the validity of the approach techniques.…”

“…Furthermore, in recent decades, there have been significant developments in computer technology, which have led to the development of very powerful computational tools for earthing systems such as Current Distribution, Electromagnetic Fields, Grounding and Soil Structure Analysis (CDEGS), Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP), Alternative Transient Programs (ATPs), Finite Element Method (FEM), and Genetic Algorithm [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. All of these analysis make the computational techniques more popular among the researchers and practical engineers for the design of earthing systems.…”

Soil Ionization Due to High Pulse Transient Currents Leaked by Earth Electrodes

“…With the aim to take into account the nonlinear effects due to soil ionization, different models are available in technical literature [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. Basically, they can be classified as the variable geometry approach and the variable soil conductivity approach.…”

“…In the first case, by considering an embedded electrode in an ionized soil, the study is carried out with an electrode of modified transversal dimensions into a non-ionized soil [7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. A time variable radius of the electrode is set by imposing that the electric field at the electrodes surface may not exceed the electrical strength.…”