“…However, the comprehensive analysis of the impact of external actors on regional integration is limited in scope and quality in the literature since there has been no successful example of exogenous (outside-in) regional integration yet. Nevertheless, some early works evaluated the role of external factors hypothetically while recent ones scrutinized the impact of regional dominant states and external powers on evolving regional integration processes based on the isolated case studies in America, Africa and Asia (Denha, 1969;Haas, 1970;Cochrane and Sloan, 1973;Mytelka, 1973;Muttli, 1999;Bilal, 2013;Plummer, 2017;Muntschick, 2013Muntschick, , 2018.…”