The species diversity and composition of seedlings for degraded land rehabilitation in different phytogeographical regions in Indonesia

Abstract

Abstract. Wirnoyo, Lukman AH, Nurliana S. 2022. The species diversity and composition of seedlings for degraded land rehabilitation in different phytogeographical regions in Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 5771-5781. Forest clearing and conversion into cropland without implementing conservation measures have caused land degradation. The total area of degraded land in Indonesia is 14 million hectares. The responsible institution for land rehabilitation in Indonesia is Balai Pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai dan Hutan Lindung (Agency for Watershed and Protection Forest Management), abbreviated as BPDASHL. This study aimed to analyze seedlings' species diversity and composition for degraded land rehabilitation provided by six BPDASHLs located in different phytogeographic regions, i.e., Sunda Shelf, Wallacea, and Sahul Shelf. Data were collected through questionnaires distributed to BPDASHL offices in Papua, West Papua, Gorontalo, Bangka Belitung Islands, Riau, and Aceh. They were analyzed to determine the species richness, indexes of species diversity, equity, and similarity. The clustering of sites based on species composition was done using a dendrogram. This study found that the species richness of seedlings in each site ranged from 25 to 47, the diversity index of Shannon from 2.39 to 2.96, and a Simpson diversity index from 0.80 to 0.94. The species composition differed from one site to another, with similarity indexes of Bray-Curtis and Jaccard of < 0.35. The dendrogram separated western Indonesia (Sunda Shelf) from eastern Indonesia (Sahul Shelf and Wallacea), except for Bangka Belitung Islands, which was clustered in eastern Indonesia despite its location in western Indonesia. Three study sites had more native dominant species, while the other three had more introduced dominant species. We recommend that more native species of seedlings should be provided.

Understanding the role of scientific knowledge transfer in the women's participation and farmer activities in Central Java

“…This situation is becoming increasingly worrisome for the inhabitants of the southern Dieng plateau, particularly those in the Tulis Sub-watersheds, because the Serayu Watershed is the infrastructure of economic life, including hydroelectric energy, small industry, agriculture, and fisheries in Wonosobo District, Banjarnegara, Purbalingga, Banyumas, and Cilacap. If the Serayu Watershed is harmed, poverty will increase, the environment will be harmed, and the social life of the community will also change, as the area of life in the district will create an imbalance in the ecosystem, preventing the attainment of a sustainable way of life (Wiryono and Nurliana 2022).…”

“…including utilizing an agroforestry scheme as one of the top innovations. Agroforestry refers to land-use systems in which woods or vegetation are cultivated alongside crops (agricultural crops or pastures), in an organized manner or rotation and in which ecological and economic interactions exist between the forests and other system components (Wiryono and Nurliana 2022). In this plan, the potato plantation will be interspersed with Carica trees on the same land.…”

“…In this region, rice is grown downstream while vegetables are grown upstream. Due to their biophysical compatibility with Indonesian soil, vegetables have a high selling value as an export good and high productivity (Wiryono and Nurliana 2022). In the upstream region, close to the forest, there is agricultural land used for growing vegetables.…”

“…The applied techno-institutional environment shapes the dynamics of this conflict of interest. The unique location is distinguished by the divergence of natural, technical, and social systems, which results in erosion, water and energy scarcity, and some inferior livelihoods in this area (Wiryono and Nurliana 2022). It serves as a reminder that services, values, and benefits are social constructions that emerge from interactions between people, institutions, and the environment (Setyawan et al 2019).…”

The effect of land cover on the foraging behavior and pollen in the honey of the giant bee Apis dorsata in Sumatra

“…On the other hand, we found a lack of blooming flowering plants in the Kampar location due to the high domination of Fabaceae seedlings surrounding the nesting tree. The high domination of Fabaceae seedlings represented by the highest IVI value in Kampar (Supplementary Table 2) is presumably due to the high usage of Fabaceae plants for rehabilitation of the transformed land in Indonesia, including Sumatra (Wiryono et al, 2022).…”