The Spectrum of TeV Gamma Rays from the Crab Nebula

Hillas, A. M.; Akerlof, C.; Biller, S. D.; Buckley, J. H.; Carter‐Lewis, D. A.; Catanese, M.; Cawley, M. F.; Fegan, D. J.; Finley, J. P.; Gaidos, J. A.; Krennrich, F.; Lamb, R. C.; Lang, M. J.; Mohanty, G.; Punch, M.; Reynolds, P. T.; Rodgers, A. J.; Rose, H. J.; Rovero, A. C.; Schubnell, M.; Sembroski, G. H.; Vacanti, Giuseppe; Weekes, T. C.; West, Mike; Zweerink, J.

doi:10.1086/306005

Cited by 239 publications

(247 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The simulations with doubled resolution show the same dissipation rate, which suggests that the high degree of dissipation observed in these simulations is not far from being realistic. This also agrees with the observations of synchrotron and inverse-Compton emission of the Crab nebula, which show that the magnetic field is energetically sub-dominant to the population of relativistic electrons by a factor of ∼ 30 (Hillas et al 1998).…”

Section: The σ-Problem and 3d Simulations Of Pwnesupporting

confidence: 91%

Pulsar-Wind Nebulae

et al. 2015

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Section: The σ-Problem and 3d Simulations Of Pwnesupporting

confidence: 91%

Pulsar-Wind Nebulae

et al. 2015

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“…The energy threshold is also unknown in some cases. For flux calibration of lightcurves from the Whipple experiment before 1998, we used Crab Nebula data taken by the same experiment as close in time as possible (see Hillas et al 1998, and references therein). However, due to dependencies on zenith angle and weather conditions, normalization of rate measurements is very uncertain.…”

Section: Systematic Errorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term lightcurves from combined unified very high energyγ-ray data

Tluczykont

Bernardini²,

Satalecka³

et al. 2010

A&A

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Context. Very high-energy (VHE, E > 100 GeV) γ-ray data are a valuable input for multi-wavelength and multi-messenger (e.g. combination with neutrino data) studies. Aims. We aim at the conservation and homogenization of historical, current, and future VHE γ-ray-data on active galactic nuclei (AGN). Methods. We have collected lightcurve data taken by major VHE experiments since 1991 and combined them into long-term lightcurves for several AGN, and now provide our collected datasets for further use. Due to the lack of common data formats in VHE γ-ray astronomy, we have defined relevant datafields to be stored in standard data formats. The time variability of the combined VHE lightcurve data was investigated, and correlation with archival X-ray data collected by RXTE/ASM tested.Results. The combination of data on the prominent blazar Mrk 421 from different experiments yields a lightcurve spanning more than a decade. From this combined dataset we derive an integral baseline flux from Mrk 421 that must be lower than 33% of the Crab Nebula flux above 1 TeV. The analysis of the time variability yields log-normal flux variations in the VHE-data on Mrk 421. Conclusions. Existing VHE data contain valuable information concerning the variability of AGN and can be an important ingredient for multi-wavelength or multi-messenger studies. In the future, upcoming and planned experiments will provide more data from many transient objects, and the interaction of VHE astronomy with classical astronomy will intensify. In this context a unified and exchangeable data format will become increasingly important.

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“…For the four di †erent boundary conditions (cases 1, 2, 3, and 4), we present the spectra of the outwardly and inwardly propagating c-rays in Figures 4 and 5 Weekes et al 1989 ;Reynolds et al 1993 ;Goret et al 1993 ;Hillas et al 1998 ;Lessard et al 2000 FIG. 4.ÈSpectra of the outwardly propagating c-rays emitted from the Crab pulsar magnetosphere when the IR Ðeld is approximated by a SSA spectrum (case A).…”

Section: Gamma-ray Spectramentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrodynamic Structure of an Outer Gap Accelerator: Location of the Gap and the Gamma‐Ray Emission from the Crab Pulsar

Hirotani

Shibata

2001

ApJ

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We investigate a stationary pair-production cascade in the outer magnetosphere of a spinning neutron star. The charge depletion due to global Ñows of charged particles causes a large electric Ðeld along the magnetic Ðeld lines. Migratory electrons and/or positrons are accelerated by this Ðeld to radiate curvature gamma rays, some of which collide with the X-rays to materialize as pairs in the gap. The replenished charges partially screen the electric Ðeld, which is self-consistently solved together with the distribution functions of particles and gamma rays. If no current is injected at either of the boundaries of the accelerator, the gap is located around the conventional null surface, where the local Goldreich-Julian charge density vanishes. However, we Ðrst Ðnd that the gap position shifts outward (or inward) when particles are injected at the inner (or outer) boundary. Applying the theory to the Crab pulsar, we demonstrate that the pulsed TeV Ñux does not exceed the observational upper limit for moderate infrared photon density and that the gap should be located near to or outside of the conventional null surface so that the observed spectrum of pulsed GeV Ñuxes may be emitted via a curvature process. Some implications of the existence of a solution for a super Goldreich-Julian current are discussed.

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The Spectrum of TeV Gamma Rays from the Crab Nebula

Cited by 239 publications

References 25 publications

Pulsar-Wind Nebulae

Pulsar-Wind Nebulae

Long-term lightcurves from combined unified very high energyγ-ray data

Electrodynamic Structure of an Outer Gap Accelerator: Location of the Gap and the Gamma‐Ray Emission from the Crab Pulsar

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