The spread of pathogens through trade in pig meat: overview and recent developments

Pharo, H. J.; Cobb, S.P.

doi:10.20506/rst.30.1.2027

Cited by 16 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Transboundary swine diseases of major concern include ASF, CSF, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), FMD, and mosre recently, the upsurge of PED. They all have shown potential to spread across borders in the recent past, yet details regarding how exactly the spread between countries occurred remain missing [45, 93]. Like other livestock diseases, pig TADs can spread through the movement of live animals, but most importantly pig derived products, particularly pork, but also manure, semen, embryos, hides, etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transboundary spread of pig diseases: the role of international trade and travel

et al. 2019

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As globalization increases the interconnectedness between nations, economies, and industries, the introduction of diseases will continue to remain a prominent threat to the livestock sector and the trade of animals and animal products, as well as the livelihoods of farmers, food security and public health. The global pig sector, with its size and dichotomy between production type and biosecurity level, is particularly vulnerable to the transmission of transboundary animal diseases such as African and classical swine fever, foot and mouth disease, or porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome. All of the above pose a constant threat to swine health, mainly as a result of both formal and informal international trade. Inspired in the risk assessment methodology, this paper classifies and provides an overview of the different pig disease introduction and exposure pathways, illustrated with abundant examples. Introduction pathways are classified as formal international trade (by product), informal international trade (by product), and spread through fomites. Formal trade of pigs and pork products is regulated by legislation and measures protecting animal populations from exotic diseases. Much more difficult to control is the transboundary swine disease transmission originating through informal trade, which entails illegal smuggling, but also the informal cross-border transfer of animals and products for personal use or within informal market chains. Meat products are most commonly mentioned, although fomites have also played a role in some cases, with live pigs, being more difficult to smuggle playing a role less frequently. The main exposure pathways are also described with the oral route playing a prominent role. Risk assessments can aid in the identification of pathways of pathogen introduction and exposure. However, quantitative information on informal disease introduction pathways remains very scarce and often incomplete, making it difficult to estimate the actual magnitudes of risks. Nevertheless, this knowledge is deemed essential to set up risk based awareness, prevention and surveillance programs that correspond to reality.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transboundary spread of pig diseases: the role of international trade and travel

et al. 2019

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“…About 30,000 tonnes of pig meat may have been imported from PRRS-infected countries over that three-and-a-half-year period without implementing any controls on garbage feeding. Similarly, both Sweden and Chile have recently eradicated PRRS and, in both these cases, meat from infected pigs was released without restriction for domestic consumption (49). From this work, it is the authors' belief that the current model provides a conservative estimate of the risk of introduction of PRRSV into New Zealand via the importation of fresh pork.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

Quantitative risk assessment of the likelihood of introducing porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus into New Zealand through the importation of pig meat

Sp¹,

Pharo²,

Stone³

et al. 2015

Rev. Sci. Tech. OIE

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A quantitative model was developed to estimate the likelihood of an incursion of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) into New Zealand through the importation of fresh consumer-ready cuts of pig meat. A sensitivity analysis of all the inputs used in this model illustrated the importance of correctly modelling the available 'dose-response' data, and a mechanistic Beta-Poisson model was shown to be the most appropriate method for this in the authors' assessment. The output of this model predicts an average of approximately 1,200 years between PRRSV introductions resulting in primary infections in New Zealand. Given the uncertainties in the model, there is 95% confidence that this time period ranges from 52 to 6,200 years. The values chosen in this model are considered to provide a conservative estimate of the likelihood of introducing PRRSV into New Zealand via the importation of fresh pork.

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“…Como exemplo, doenças como influenza aviária altamente patogênica, doença de Newcastle e micoplasmose aviária (Mycoplasma gallisepticum ou M. synoviae) podem ser disseminadas pelo transporte irregular de aves e produtos avícolas contaminados, bem como suínos e seus produtos clandestinos podem disseminar febre aftosa, peste suína africana, peste suína clássica e doença vesicular suína. Também os ruminantes e seus produtos podem disseminar enfermidades como febre do Vale do Rift, brucelose e listeriose, além da febre aftosa (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10) . No Brasil, o Sistema de Vigilância Agropecuária Internacional (Vigiagro) é a estrutura organizacional do Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA) responsável pelos controles oficiais envolvidos nos procedimentos de exportação e importação de animais, vegetais, seus produtos, subprodutos, derivados ou partes, resíduos de valor econômico e insumos agropecuários utilizados nas diversas cadeias produtivas do agronegócio.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Interceptações De Produtos De Origem Animal Em Fronteiras Terrestres No Brasil

et al. 2015

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<title>Resumo</title><p>Agentes infecciosos e doenças dos animais podem atravessar fronteiras terrestres e contribuir para a alteração do estado sanitário de países. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi, através de um estudo retrospectivo, identificar os principais produtos de origem animal interceptados e apreendidos em três unidades de vigilância agropecuária (Uvagros/MAPA) localizadas em fronteiras terrestres (secas) na região Norte do Brasil: Assis Brasil e Epitaciolândia, no Acre, e Pacaraima, em Roraima, respectivamente fronteiras com o Peru, Bolívia e Venezuela. Os principais produtos interceptados e apreendidos no trânsito internacional de veículos e passageiros em duas das três unidades foram laticínios, pescados, carnes, embutidos, de uso veterinário e para uso na alimentação animal (ração, medicamentos e insumos) e apícolas. Devem ser melhor avaliadas as possibilidades de introdução de agentes infecciosos e de doenças que podem ameaçar o Brasil, considerando os tipos de produtos apreendidos, considerando o estado sanitário dos países aqui estudados, em face da natureza clandestina do trânsito dos animais e seus produtos por estas fronteiras terrestres.</p>

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The spread of pathogens through trade in pig meat: overview and recent developments

Cited by 16 publications

References 26 publications

Transboundary spread of pig diseases: the role of international trade and travel

Transboundary spread of pig diseases: the role of international trade and travel

Quantitative risk assessment of the likelihood of introducing porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus into New Zealand through the importation of pig meat

Interceptações De Produtos De Origem Animal Em Fronteiras Terrestres No Brasil

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