“…• Pressure gradient in downcomers, at orifices, friction loss [10,11,15,[17][18][19]30] • Transition and coexistence of flow regimes [10,15,16,[19][20][21][22][23] • Slug formation and bridging [15][16][17]23] • Sealing of downcomers, stripping of adsorbed gases [24,25] • Unstable operations [6,[20][21][22][26][27][28][29] • Aeration of downcomers [12, 13, 15-17, 19, 27, 37] • Erosion of walls [25] • Inclined standpipes [23,25,[30][31][32] • Mass flux [15,17] • Comprehensive reviews [21,30,33] Low pressure High pressure Determine the diameter of downcomers needed in a circulation system similar to Fig. 3(a), if the required circulation rate of solid is to be 600 kg/s.…”