The state of betrayal trauma theory: Reply to McNally—Conceptual issues, and future directions

Freyd, Jennifer J.; DePrince, Anne P.; Gleaves, David H.

doi:10.1080/09658210701256514

Cited by 154 publications

(131 citation statements)

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“…The socio-psychobiological adaptations that ensue when interpersonal trauma occurs during formative or sensitive developmental periods involve an increased preparedness for threat that includes a heightened salience and intensity of negative affects (Langevin et al, 2015; Shields & Cicchetti, 1998) and anticipation of relational betrayal (Freyd, DePrince, & Gleaves, 2007). These defensive (self-protective) adaptations to childhood trauma may fundamentally alter an individual’s ways of coping with stress without resulting in characterological problems that would warrant a BPD diagnosis (Ford & Courtois, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Affect dysregulation, psychoform dissociation, and adult relational fears mediate the relationship between childhood trauma and complex posttraumatic stress disorder independent of the symptoms of borderline personality disorder

Dijke

Hopman

Ford

2018

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

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Objective: Complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) as defined by the Disorders of Extreme Stress Not Otherwise Specified (DESNOS) formulation is associated with childhood relational trauma and involves relational impairment, affect dysregulation, and identity alterations. However, the distinct contributions of relational impairment (operationalized in the form fears of closeness or abandonment), affect dysregulation (operationalized in the form of overregulation and under-regulation of affect), and identity alterations (operationalized in the form of positive or negative psychoform or somatoform dissociation) to the relationship between childhood trauma and CPTSD/DESNOS have not been systematically tested. Method and Results: In a clinical sample of adults diagnosed with severe and chronic psychiatric and personality disorders (n = 472; M = 34.7 years, SD = 10.1), structural equation modelling with bootstrap 95% confidence intervals demonstrated that the association between childhood trauma and CPTSD/DESNOS symptoms in adulthood was partially mediated by under-regulation of affect, negative psychoform dissociation, and adult relational fears of closeness and of abandonment. These results also were independent of the effects of borderline personality disorder (BPD) symptoms. Conclusions: Some, but not all, hypothesized components of the DESNOS formulation of CPTSD statistically mediate the relationship between childhood trauma and adult CPTSD/DESNOS. These relationships appear specific to CPTSD/DESNOS and not to the effects of another potential sequelae of childhood trauma BPD. Replication with prospective longitudinal studies is needed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Affect dysregulation, psychoform dissociation, and adult relational fears mediate the relationship between childhood trauma and complex posttraumatic stress disorder independent of the symptoms of borderline personality disorder

Dijke

Hopman

Ford

2018

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

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“…Longitudinal data indicate that young adults are inconsistent in reporting abuse, and that this unreliability stems from the provision of false-negative reports (Fergusson, Horwood, & Woodward, 2000). Underreporting, whether caused by disruptions in awareness and memory of abuse (Freyd, DePrince, & Gleaves, 2007;Herman, 1992;Linehan, 1993) or the "stigmatic and secretive nature" of abuse (e.g., Wekerle et al, 2001, p. 850), may present serious impediments to conducting psychotherapy with survivors of abuse, preventing the intergenerational perpetration of abuse, and obtaining accurate estimates of abuse prevalence.…”

Section: Abstract Childhood Abuse Maltreatment Labeling Awarenessmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In many abusive environments, perceptions of victimization may be maladaptive or unsafe (Freyd, 1996;Freyd et al, 2007). Thus, labeling caregiver abuse as abuse may come with psychological costs (e.g., Briere, 1992;Freyd, 1996;Freyd et al, 2007).…”

Section: Why Wouldn't People Label Abuse As Abuse?mentioning

confidence: 99%

To Add Insight to Injury: Childhood Abuse, Abuse Perceptions, and the Emotional and Physical Health of Young Adults

Goldsmith

Freyd

DePrince

2009

Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma

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“…Betrayal trauma theory (Freyd, 1994(Freyd, , 1996Freyd et al, 2007) explains the unique consequences incidental to the experience of trauma within this type of close relationship. Though betrayal trauma theory was originally developed to understand abuse occurring in close relationships, it has been applied to institutions (e.g., Smith & Freyd, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experience of a Lifetime: Study Abroad, Trauma, and Institutional Betrayal

Wright

Smith

Freyd

2016

Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma

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iii Acknowledgements I would like to thank those people who lent me their support and energy during the nearly two years of conducting this project. To my committee, Dr. Jennifer Freyd, Dr. Carly Smith, and Dr. Joseph Fracchia: I cannot express enough thanks for your continued support and encouragement. Jennifer, when I sat down in your class nearly two years ago, I did not know I was about to discover one of my great passions. Thank you for showing me it is possible to be an activist, a scholar, and a compassionate human being. Carly, thank you for being an ever-conscientious and intentional mentor.Professor Fracchia, thank you for giving me new lenses to see the world's flaws, and the hope that we will find a way to change them. You never failed to supply snacks or kind words when I needed them most. iv Table of ContentsIntroduction 1 Background 3 Purpose 11 Method 12 Participants 12Procedure 13 Measures 15 Data Preparation and Analysis 19Results 22 Discussion 30 Limitations 38 Conclusion 40Bibliography 41 actions to be supportive, and she was undoubtedly balancing the confusing, possibly conflicting, obligations to protect institution, law, and student. However, the administrator's actions left Mallory feeling it was "impossible to begin healing" until there was evidence of the program improving measures for student safety, and changing the response to incidents students experience.When Mallory wrote to the administrator to ask to discontinue contact, the administrator complied. Unfortunately, there were still further negative outcomes. The two professors who were most helpful to Mallory following the assault-who took her1 The student's true name was not released to the public. 2 The perpetrator has not been identified; it is not clear whether the assailant was a fellow student or a member of the host country. Mallory labels the mishandled response from her study abroad program as a "revictimization" that was "intrusive" during the time she should have been allowed to begin the process of recovery. Indeed, in an open letter to her college and the study abroad program, Mallory stated that changes to the emergency protocol of the school and study abroad program, would be necessary "in order to make this situation right, to allow my healing process to truly begin, and quite honestly, to sleep soundly at night" (Smyth, 2014).Research from the field of psychology suggests not only that exposure to traumatic events while studying abroad is common, but also that the way in which institutions respond has the potential to exacerbate a student's negative reaction to that event. Given the paucity of research about study-abroad programs, the present study aims to explore both the prevalence of students' exposure to traumatic events during study abroad, and the effects of the institutional culture and actions on the after-effects of traumatic events experienced during study abroad.

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The state of betrayal trauma theory: Reply to McNally—Conceptual issues, and future directions

Abstract: An expanded sourcebook: Qualitative data analysis (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishing. Root, M. P. (1996). Women of color and traumatic stress in "domestic captivity": Gender and race as disempowering statuses. In A. J. Mar-

Cited by 154 publications

References 53 publications

Affect dysregulation, psychoform dissociation, and adult relational fears mediate the relationship between childhood trauma and complex posttraumatic stress disorder independent of the symptoms of borderline personality disorder

Affect dysregulation, psychoform dissociation, and adult relational fears mediate the relationship between childhood trauma and complex posttraumatic stress disorder independent of the symptoms of borderline personality disorder

To Add Insight to Injury: Childhood Abuse, Abuse Perceptions, and the Emotional and Physical Health of Young Adults

Experience of a Lifetime: Study Abroad, Trauma, and Institutional Betrayal

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