The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory: Shadows and Lights on its Construct Validity

Balsamo, Michela; Romanelli, Roberta Maia de Castro; Innamorati, Marco; Ciccarese, Gabriele; Carlucci, Leonardo; Saggino, Aristide

doi:10.1007/s10862-013-9354-5

Cited by 135 publications

(110 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Trait anxiety, a measure of general negative affect (Balsamo et al 2013) that has been found to moderate the relationship between violence exposure and subsequent delinquency (Jencks and Burton 2013), is assessed as the score on the Spielberger Trait Anxiety Inventory (Spielberger 2010). Although hostility and anxiety can be temporary states triggered by specific stressors, the "trait" assessment here is intended to capture hostility and anxiety as enduring dispositions.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complicating Colorism: Race, Skin Color, and the Likelihood of Arrest

Branigan

Wildeman

Freese

et al. 2017

Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World

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Both conventional public beliefs and existing academic research on colorism presuppose that variation in skin color predicts social outcomes among minorities but is inconsequential among whites. The authors draw on social psychological research on stereotyping to suggest that in quick, low-information decisions such as an arrest, the opposite may be true. Contrary to findings for longer-term socioeconomic outcomes, the authors find that black men's probability of arrest remains constant across the spectrum of skin color, while white men's probability of arrest decreases continuously with lighter skin. Beyond posing an exception to the modern conception of colorism, these results have implications for efforts to ameliorate the epidemic of incarceration among black men, as well as for understanding how elements of visible phenotype may serve as a unique category of predictors in models of social inequality.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complicating Colorism: Race, Skin Color, and the Likelihood of Arrest

Branigan

Wildeman

Freese

et al. 2017

Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World

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show abstract

“…Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert-type scale, ranging from 0 (always) to 4 (never). A small but growing literature suggests that the TDI has strong psychometric properties in both clinical and nonclinical samples, including an excellent Person Separation Index, no evidence of bias due to item-trait interaction, good discriminant and convergent validity, and control of major response sets (Balsamo, Giampaglia, & Saggino, 2014;Balsamo, Imperatori, et al, 2013;Balsamo, Romanelli, et al, 2013). In a recent study, three cutoff scores were recommended in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and classification accuracy for screening for varying levels (minimal, mild, moderate, and severe) of depression severity in a group of patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of External Shame: An Inside View

Balsamo

Macchia

Carlucci

et al. 2014

Journal of Personality Assessment

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The aims of this study were to investigate the construct validity of the Other as Shamer scale (OAS) using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and to examine the psychometric properties of its Italian version in a sample of 687 nonclinical individuals. The CFA results indicated that the hypothesized hierarchical model (with 1 higher order factor and 3 first-order factors) was the best fitting solution. Cronbach's alpha indexes, as well as test-retest stability, provided satisfactory results. Correlations of the OAS total score and its subscales with the Beck Depression Inventory-II (rs = .30-.48) and the Teate Depression Inventory (rs = .32-.45) were both substantial and significant (p < .01). Receiver operating characteristic curves were constructed to indicate sensitivity and specificity of the OAS and its subscales when determining those nonclinical subjects who met clinical thresholds for depression symptoms. A series of cutoff scores for the OAS scale and its subscales was developed, with sensitivity values between .70 and .62, and specificity values between .71 and .62, indicating good to fair discrimination between the 2 groups (depressed vs. nondepressed). The theoretical and practical implications of these results were discussed.

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“…Items include:''I feel calm (reversed scored)'' and''I feel anxious.'' The STAI has demonstrated good construct validity and high reliability (Spielberger et al, 1983), and is one of the most long-standing and commonly used measures of state anxiety (Balsamo et al, 2013). In this study, Cronbach's alpha for the State Anxiety subscale was .93.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 48%

Gender Atypicality and Anxiety Response to Social Interaction Stress in Homosexual and Heterosexual Men

2015

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Gender non-conforming behavior and a homosexual sexual orientation have both been linked to higher levels of anxiety. This study examined the independent and interactive effects of gender atypicality and sexual orientation on levels of state anxiety immediately following a stressful social interaction task among a sample of homosexual and heterosexual Israeli men (n = 36). Gender atypicality was measured via both self-report and observer ratings. State anxiety was measured via both self-report immediately subsequent to the stressful social interaction task and pre- to post task changes in salivary cortisol. Results showed that self-reported gender atypicality and heterosexual sexual orientation predicted higher levels of self-reported social interaction anxiety, but not changes in cortisol. There were no sexual orientation by gender behavior interactions and there were no significant effects for observer rated gender atypicality. These findings suggest that gender atypicality, not homosexuality, place individuals at risk for increased anxiety.

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The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory: Shadows and Lights on its Construct Validity

Cited by 135 publications

References 52 publications

Complicating Colorism: Race, Skin Color, and the Likelihood of Arrest

Complicating Colorism: Race, Skin Color, and the Likelihood of Arrest

Measurement of External Shame: An Inside View

Gender Atypicality and Anxiety Response to Social Interaction Stress in Homosexual and Heterosexual Men

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