The status quo before the International Standard for Education: Elite adolescent athletes’ perceptions of anti-doping education

Gatterer, Katharina; Streicher, Bernhard; Petróczi, Andrea; Overbye, Marie; Schobersberger, Wolfgang; Gumpenberger, Matthias; Weber, Kathrin; Königstein, Karsten; Blank, Cornelia

doi:10.1016/j.peh.2021.100200

Cited by 13 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Informed consent was provided by all athletes prior to completing the questionnaire. For more details on participant recruitment, please refer to Gatterer et al ( 2021 ). The study was approved by the ethics board of the first author's university (RCSEQ 2444/18).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the study also identified negative incongruence: athletes not receiving education despite residing in countries whose NADOs provide it. This latter finding merits attention [see also Gatterer et al (2021)], especially because the results of phase two clearly illustrate that comprehensive education had significant effects on DAL. As discussed above, scores for all DAL stages were highest among athletes who received comprehensive education, but information-based education also improved scores compared to no education.…”

Section: Impact Of Educational Incongruence On Doping Awareness Liter...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The project's overall aim is to explore current anti-doping education and its possible effects. Whereas the previous phase of the study focused on the provider (Gatterer et al, 2020 ) and consumer sides (Gatterer et al, 2021 ) of anti-doping education, the primary goal of the current study was to develop and test a tool for assessing the expected outcomes of the anti-doping education provided by NADOs and International Federations (IFs) under the ISE. We operationalized these outcomes through the DAL stages of awareness, knowledge, and self-efficacy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…had received more than information only, i.e., comprehensive education (e.g., role plays). Of the 401 elite youth athletes from countries whose NADOs technically provide comprehensive education [as defined byGatterer et al (2021)], 20% (n = 80) indicated that they had never received any education and 27.7% (n = 115) indicated that they had only received information.…”

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confidence: 99%

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GRADE IT—A Literacy-Based Assessment Tool for Generating Research-Based Assessment Data to Evidence the ImpacT of Anti-doping Education via Athletes' Capability to Make the Right Decision

Blank¹,

Gatterer²,

Overbye³

et al. 2022

Front. Sports Act. Living

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The International Standard for Education (ISE) mandates Code Signatories to plan, deliver, and evaluate anti-doping education. Performance-based evaluation of anti-doping education requires alignment between educational goals, content, and defined outcomes. Based on an existentialist teaching and learning philosophy, we aimed to develop and test an anti-doping impact evaluation tool, to assess the impact of anti-doping education on doping awareness, literacy (DAL), perceived trust, and legitimacy. We propose that the impact of anti-doping education is best captured through assessment of situation-specific (social) cognitive mediators of actions that influence athletes' choices in the context of sport-related goals. In phase one, we aimed to develop and test the Generating Research-based Assessment Data to Evidence the ImpacT of anti-doping education (GRADE IT) evaluation tool that comprised a set of social cognitive components: anti-doping knowledge, DAL, perceived trust, and legitimacy of anti-doping (organizations). In phase two we assessed whether anti-doping education impacts knowledge, the three DAL stages (functional, interactive, and critical literacy), perceived trust and legitimacy. Phase one enrolled 986 junior elite athletes, and we showed that all GRADE IT components performed well. After revision of the tool for phase two, we validated the assumption that anti-doping education impacts the likelihood that athletes will make the “right” choice (based on a new set of data from 1,255 junior elite athletes). Comprehensive education was associated with higher scores for all stages of DAL, as well as perceived trust and legitimacy. Even athletes reporting no education had positive scores for all included outcomes, supporting the assumption that most athletes wish to engage in clean sport behaviors and might need anti-doping education not to prevent them from doping, but rather to reinforce their commitment to clean sport. In conclusion, GRADE IT, which is available in 23 languages, is a suitable tool for application to young, emerging athletes to satisfy the ISE requirement for evaluating anti-doping education programs. Researchers and practitioners alike are advised to collect additional data to further validate the tool for adult athletes, and to apply it longitudinally to identify if changes in doping prevention policies have a delayed effect on DAL, perceived trust, and legitimacy.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Impact Of Educational Incongruence On Doping Awareness Liter...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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GRADE IT—A Literacy-Based Assessment Tool for Generating Research-Based Assessment Data to Evidence the ImpacT of Anti-doping Education via Athletes' Capability to Make the Right Decision

Blank¹,

Gatterer²,

Overbye³

et al. 2022

Front. Sports Act. Living

Self Cite

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“…Focusing on young elite athletes and their experiences, most athletes had already taken part in doping prevention measures and described anti-doping education as a helpful tool. More positive effects were reported for measures offering more than pure information, highlighting the usefulness of multifaceted anti-doping efforts (Gatterer et al, 2021 ). Suppose one understands doping prevention as a societal concern (Petróczi et al, 2017 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient Ways to Combat Doping in a Sports Education Context!? A Systematic Review on Doping Prevention Measures Focusing on Young Age Groups

Pöppel

2021

Front. Sports Act. Living

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Youth is characterized by testing and crossing natural boundaries, sometimes with the help of performance-enhancing substances. In this context, doping prevention measures play a crucial role to protect individuals both within and outside the context of elite sport. Based on the PRISMA guidelines, a systematic literature search was conducted in the databases ProQuest (ERIC), Scopus, PSYNDEX/PsychInfo, PubMed, and Web of Science Core Collection to provide an overview of the impact of doping prevention measures, with particular attention to the underlying understanding of learning. As a result of the screening process, 30 of the initial 5,591 articles met the previously defined and recorded eligibility criteria. The analysis led to heterogeneous results regarding content, implementation, target group, or outcome variables considered relevant. Two-thirds of the studies related to the competitive sports context. Nevertheless, there has been a growing interest in studying doping prevention and its effects on non-elite athlete target groups in recent years. In terms of effectiveness, many measures did not achieve long-term changes or did not collect any follow-up data. This contrasts with understanding learning as sustained change and reduces the intended long-term protection of prevention measures, especially for adolescent target groups. Even young age groups from 10 years upwards benefited from doping prevention measures, and almost all doping prevention measures enabled their participants to increase their physical and health literacy. No conclusion can be drawn as to whether doping prevention measures based on constructivist ideas are superior to cognitivist approaches or a combination of both. Nevertheless, programs that actively engage their participants appear superior to lecture-based knowledge transfer. Most of the prevention measures offered a benefit-orientation so that participants can achieve added value, besides trying to initiate health-promoting change through rejection. Because of the lack of sustained changes, a further modification in doping prevention seems necessary. The review results support the value of primary prevention. Doping prevention measures should enable tailored learning and development options in the sense of more meaningful differentiation to individual needs. The implementation in a school context or an online setting is promising and sees doping as a problem for society. The review highlights the importance of accompanying evaluation measures to identify efficient prevention components that promote health and protect young people.

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Are dietary supplement users more likely to dope than non-users?: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Hurst

Schiphof-Godart

Kavussanu

et al. 2023

International Journal of Drug Policy

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The status quo before the International Standard for Education: Elite adolescent athletes’ perceptions of anti-doping education

Cited by 13 publications

References 27 publications

GRADE IT—A Literacy-Based Assessment Tool for Generating Research-Based Assessment Data to Evidence the ImpacT of Anti-doping Education via Athletes' Capability to Make the Right Decision

GRADE IT—A Literacy-Based Assessment Tool for Generating Research-Based Assessment Data to Evidence the ImpacT of Anti-doping Education via Athletes' Capability to Make the Right Decision

Efficient Ways to Combat Doping in a Sports Education Context!? A Systematic Review on Doping Prevention Measures Focusing on Young Age Groups

Are dietary supplement users more likely to dope than non-users?: A systematic review and meta-analysis

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