“…12b), the dynamic strain-hardening appeared to generally follow a two-stage behaviour, According to Schindler et al [81], 𝐽 0 provides a more conservative estimation of 𝐽 𝐼𝑑 . Hence, the dynamic fracture toughness in terms of dynamic stress-intensity factor, 𝐾 𝐽𝑑 was calculated from J0 (equation 8) using the following equation [79][80][81][82][83][84][85]:…”