The strategy for organic dye and antibiotic photocatalytic removal for water remediation in an example of Co-SnO2 nanoparticles

Ultrasmall SnO2 Nanoparticles: Influence of O-Vacancies on the Photocatalytic Degradation of Dyes

“…Many experiments measure the adsorption, which is immediately followed by photocatalysis. In accordance with our previous experiments, ,,, in this work we separate these two processes when the photocatalytic behavior was studied without the stage of preliminary absorption. Taking into account our research and preliminary kinetic results of the MB decomposition test for SnO 2 , herein UV photocatalysis was limited by 7 min.…”

“…Concerning the expressed broadened O 1s XPS peaks (Figure S5), the peak split procedure revealed the presence of two components, and it is confirmed that the one with the higher energy corresponds to the oxygen vacancies . According to our research, ,, the peak area, corresponding to oxygen vacancies, can be taken into account as one of the structural parameters of the samples. The peak areas of oxygen vacancies, named S XPS Peak , are given in Table and discussed in Section .…”

“…We assume two different synthesis techniques: SIMultaneous and SEQuential introduction of initial reagents, as described in Section . It should be emphasized that based on our previous research, ,, it is pH 7 that initiates the fast process of formation of nanoparticles, which ensures a large amount of oxygen vacancies and defects.…”

“…Since the concentration of vacancies is unknown, our goal was to determine it via a comparison of calculation results with experimental data. In order to relate our calculation with the particular sample, input unit cell parameters were taken from XRD results, according to the developed approach. ,, …”

“…However, despite the large number of publications on SnO 2 , the question of improving its photocatalytic efficiency of the material remains open. In our previous work, we have shown that the oxygen vacancy/defect ratio works for SnO 2 doped with 3d ,, and 4f metal ions , under visible light, and the maximum number of oxygen vacancies and the minimum number of defects lead to improved photocatalytic activity. At the same time, the solar spectrum does not always provide reproducible results when changing geoposition; moreover, sometimes sewage water plants are located underground.…”