“…To date, studies have explored the dynamics of microbial communities inherited from conventional non-degradable plastics in aqueous environments by means of null modeling-based or neutral theory-based approaches. Most studies demonstrated the dominant role of stochastic processes in plastisphere microbiota ( Sun et al, 2021 ; Zhang et al, 2021 ; Zhu et al, 2021 ), and a few suggested a higher influence of deterministic ecological processes ( Hou et al, 2021 ; Li et al, 2021a ). None of previous studies presented the microbial assembly of BDMs in soils.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…For example, PLA/PBAT is degraded into intermediates with different chain lengths or small molecules, such as lactic acid and butanediol, which could be regarded as a nutrient source and may recruit specific microbial taxa ( Zumstein et al, 2018 ). However, it is noteworthy that although the above studies tended to indicate that microbes selectively colonize the plastisphere and form specific biofilms, the dominance of stochastic processes in the community construction on plastics was observed in both aquatic and soil environments ( Li et al, 2021a ; Zhang et al, 2021 ; Zhu et al, 2021 ). Polymer types and sizes, sampling site, or exposure time may all be important factors causing higher stochasticity ( Zhang et al, 2021 ).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, it is noteworthy that although the above studies tended to indicate that microbes selectively colonize the plastisphere and form specific biofilms, the dominance of stochastic processes in the community construction on plastics was observed in both aquatic and soil environments ( Li et al, 2021a ; Zhang et al, 2021 ; Zhu et al, 2021 ). Polymer types and sizes, sampling site, or exposure time may all be important factors causing higher stochasticity ( Zhang et al, 2021 ). For example, Zhu et al (2021) found that specific metabolic pathways selectively drove diverse ecological processes, such as the enrichment of potential pathogens and ARGs in soil, while neutral processes dominated plastisphere community assembly.…”
Despite the increasing application of biodegradable plastic mulches (BDMs) in agriculture, the colonization and succession of the attached microbial community on BDMs during their degradation processes remain poorly characterized. Here, we buried four types of commonly used BDMs, including pure polylactic acid (PLA), pure polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT), and two mixtures of PLA and PBAT (85:15 and 15:85 w/w), and one classic polyethylene (PE) mulch in soil for 5 months. Both plastic components and incubation time significantly shaped the β-diversities of microbiota on the plastic mulches (p < 0.001). Meanwhile, the microbial compositions and community structures on BDMs were significantly different from PE mulch, and when excluding PE mulch, the microbiota varied more with time than by the composition of the four BDMs. The orders Burkholderiales and Pseudonocardiales were dominant on most BDMs across different time points. The genus Ramlibacter was revealed as a common biomarker for both PLA and PBAT by random-forest model, and all biomarkers for the BDMs belonged to the dominant order Burkholderiales. In addition, degradation-related and pathogen-related functional taxa were enriched in all mulches among all 40 functional groups, while surprisingly, potential pathogens were detected at higher levels on BDMs than PE. For community assembly on all mulches, the drift and dispersal processes played more important roles than selection, and in particular, the contribution of stochastic drift increased during the degradation process of BDMs while selection decreased, while the opposite trend was observed with PE mulch. Overall, our results demonstrated some degradation species and pathogens were specifically enriched on BDMs, though stochastic processes also had important impacts on the community assembly. It suggested that, similar to conventional plastic mulch, the increased usage of BDMs could lead to potential hazards to crops and human health.
“…To date, studies have explored the dynamics of microbial communities inherited from conventional non-degradable plastics in aqueous environments by means of null modeling-based or neutral theory-based approaches. Most studies demonstrated the dominant role of stochastic processes in plastisphere microbiota ( Sun et al, 2021 ; Zhang et al, 2021 ; Zhu et al, 2021 ), and a few suggested a higher influence of deterministic ecological processes ( Hou et al, 2021 ; Li et al, 2021a ). None of previous studies presented the microbial assembly of BDMs in soils.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…For example, PLA/PBAT is degraded into intermediates with different chain lengths or small molecules, such as lactic acid and butanediol, which could be regarded as a nutrient source and may recruit specific microbial taxa ( Zumstein et al, 2018 ). However, it is noteworthy that although the above studies tended to indicate that microbes selectively colonize the plastisphere and form specific biofilms, the dominance of stochastic processes in the community construction on plastics was observed in both aquatic and soil environments ( Li et al, 2021a ; Zhang et al, 2021 ; Zhu et al, 2021 ). Polymer types and sizes, sampling site, or exposure time may all be important factors causing higher stochasticity ( Zhang et al, 2021 ).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, it is noteworthy that although the above studies tended to indicate that microbes selectively colonize the plastisphere and form specific biofilms, the dominance of stochastic processes in the community construction on plastics was observed in both aquatic and soil environments ( Li et al, 2021a ; Zhang et al, 2021 ; Zhu et al, 2021 ). Polymer types and sizes, sampling site, or exposure time may all be important factors causing higher stochasticity ( Zhang et al, 2021 ). For example, Zhu et al (2021) found that specific metabolic pathways selectively drove diverse ecological processes, such as the enrichment of potential pathogens and ARGs in soil, while neutral processes dominated plastisphere community assembly.…”
Despite the increasing application of biodegradable plastic mulches (BDMs) in agriculture, the colonization and succession of the attached microbial community on BDMs during their degradation processes remain poorly characterized. Here, we buried four types of commonly used BDMs, including pure polylactic acid (PLA), pure polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT), and two mixtures of PLA and PBAT (85:15 and 15:85 w/w), and one classic polyethylene (PE) mulch in soil for 5 months. Both plastic components and incubation time significantly shaped the β-diversities of microbiota on the plastic mulches (p < 0.001). Meanwhile, the microbial compositions and community structures on BDMs were significantly different from PE mulch, and when excluding PE mulch, the microbiota varied more with time than by the composition of the four BDMs. The orders Burkholderiales and Pseudonocardiales were dominant on most BDMs across different time points. The genus Ramlibacter was revealed as a common biomarker for both PLA and PBAT by random-forest model, and all biomarkers for the BDMs belonged to the dominant order Burkholderiales. In addition, degradation-related and pathogen-related functional taxa were enriched in all mulches among all 40 functional groups, while surprisingly, potential pathogens were detected at higher levels on BDMs than PE. For community assembly on all mulches, the drift and dispersal processes played more important roles than selection, and in particular, the contribution of stochastic drift increased during the degradation process of BDMs while selection decreased, while the opposite trend was observed with PE mulch. Overall, our results demonstrated some degradation species and pathogens were specifically enriched on BDMs, though stochastic processes also had important impacts on the community assembly. It suggested that, similar to conventional plastic mulch, the increased usage of BDMs could lead to potential hazards to crops and human health.
“…It is reported that Gammaproteobacteria dominate on the early biofilms on most plastic polymer types [66] , [91] , [94] . It was also found that Alteromonas , Thalassobius , Neptuniibacter , Poseobacter , and Phodobacteriaceae appeared in the early stages of biofilm formation [80] . Diatoms and cyanobacteria were also identified at the early stage of the biofilm [95] , [96] .…”
Section: The Formation Of Plastispherementioning
confidence: 99%
“…Rhodobacteraceae , Flavobacteriaceae , and Burkholderiales also exhibited higher abundance on the plastic [78] , [79] . Notably, Vibrionaceae and Mycobacteriacea were also identified in the plastisphere [18] , [80] , [81] . Fig.…”
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