The Supplementary Motor Area — Control System for Posture?

Wiesendanger, M.; Séguin, J. J.; Künzle, Heinz

doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-4547-3_26

Cited by 37 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 20 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Our study therefore appears to be the first to investigate observation of axial motion, operationalized by using movies on intransitive hip and shoulder movements. Finding SMA to be particularly engaged during this task, our results are in line with results from patient studies indicating the SMA to subserve anticipatory postural control associated with a voluntary limb movement (Gurfinkel and Elner, 1973;Wiesendanger et al, 1973;Wiesendanger, 1981;Massion and Dufosse, 1988;Massion et al, 1989;Massion, 1992). Anticipatory postural adjustments, which are subserved by SMA, precede and accompany most movements, particularly bilateral ones, thus establishing the role of the SMA in the preparation of movement in general (Brinkman, 1984;Cunnington et al, 1996).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Motion Class Dependency in Observers' Motor Areas Revealed by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Sakreida¹,

Schubotz²,

Wolfensteller³

et al. 2005

J. Neurosci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Human and animal data suggest that the mere observation of biological motion activates those premotor areas that also underlie the initiation of the same motion. However, data also indicate that the human premotor cortex (PM), in contrast to the monkey PM, responds not only to the observation of goal-directed (transitive) motion but also to intransitive motion. The present study used functional magnetic resonance imaging to test this hypothesis directly. Participants were presented cycles of intransitive motion specified as belonging to the distal (fingers and mouth), proximal (knee, ankle, elbow, and wrist), or axial (trunk and shoulder) motion class. Attention to motion was behaviorally tested by a forced-choice task on motion acceleration and deceleration. Results revealed extended PM activation for each motion condition. However, direct contrasts showed that the most significant activations were elicited in ventrolateral PM by distal motion, in dorsolateral PM by proximal motion, and medial PM (supplementary motor area) by axial motion. Findings confirm observed intransitive motions to engage premotor areas along a gross-scaled somatotopy.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…However, no study to date has investigated the third motion class, namely axial motion, which is related to movement of the trunk (i.e., hips and shoulders). Patient studies would suggest axial motion to elicit activation within the supplementary motor area (SMA) (Wiesendanger et al, 1973).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Motion Class Dependency in Observers' Motor Areas Revealed by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Sakreida¹,

Schubotz²,

Wolfensteller³

et al. 2005

J. Neurosci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Relation to previous studies Wiesendanger et al (1987) and Amassian et al (1987) demonstrated that permanent lesions of M1 can block the motor effects from secondary motor areas such as the SMA, but none of these studies involved the PMv. The experiments reported here show that inactivation of the M1 hand area blocks the motor effects evoked from the PMv.…”

Section: A Spinal or A Cortical Mechanism?mentioning

confidence: 79%

Pronounced Reduction of Digit Motor Responses Evoked from Macaque Ventral Premotor Cortex after Reversible Inactivation of the Primary Motor Cortex Hand Area

Schmidlin¹,

Brochier²,

Maier³

et al. 2008

J. Neurosci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In common with other secondary motor areas, the macaque ventral premotor cortex (PMv) gives rise to corticospinal projections; it also makes numerous reciprocal corticocortical connections with the primary motor cortex (M1). Repetitive intracortical microstimulation (rICMS) of the PMv gives rise to movements of the hand and digits. To investigate whether these motor effects are dependent on the corticocortical interactions with M1, the effect of reversible inactivation of the M1 hand area was tested in three macaque monkeys with chronically implanted intracortical electrodes in the hand representations of M1 and PMv (rostral division, area F5). Monkeys were lightly sedated. Test EMG responses to rICMS were recorded from intrinsic hand muscles before and after microinjection of the GABA agonist muscimol in the M1 hand area. This not only greatly reduced EMG responses evoked from M1, but also reduced or abolished responses from F5, over a similar time course (20 -50 min). Muscimol in M1 reduced the level of background EMG activity in the contralateral hand, which was paretic for several hours after injection. However, because EMG responses to direct activation of the corticospinal tract were significantly less affected than the responses to F5 stimulation, it is unlikely that reduced motoneuronal excitability explained the loss of the evoked responses from F5. Finally, muscimol injections in M1 greatly reduced the corticospinal volleys evoked by rICMS in F5. The results suggest that the motor effects evoked from F5 depend, at least in part, on corticocortical interactions with M1, leading to activation of M1 corticospinal outputs to hand muscles.

show abstract

“…The supplementary motor area has been shown to exist for a wide variety of mammals. It is doubtful how far a somatotopic map has been demon strated [ Wiesendanger et al 1973]. Removal of the SMA of one side results not in paraly sis, but in a disinclination to use the con tralateral limbs.…”

Section: The Motor Cortex and Voluntary Movementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unfortunately these are very imperfectly recognized. Figure 10 illustrates a wide range of connectivity [ Wiesendanger et al, 1973], both in giving and in receiving. It is built up from degeneration and tracer investigations.…”

Section: Neuronal Circuits From the Smamentioning

confidence: 99%

Some Circuit Operations in the Mammalian Brain

Eccles¹

1982

Cells Tissues Organs

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

There is an account of the basic neuronal connectivities of the spinal cord with the Sherringtonian principles of divergence and convergence. Neurones act synaptically either as excitatory or as inhibitory, depending on the specific transmitter substances liberated. Inhibitory neurones usually act either in a feedback or a feedforward manner. Voluntary movement is considered in relation to the instructions delivered to the motor cortex in order to produce the discharges down the pyramidal tract that evoke the required movement. There is an account of the three lines of evidence which indicate that in voluntary movements the primary neural event arises in discharges of neurones of the supplementary motor area (SMA). There are three main circuits from the SMA that activate subroutines concerned in the preprogramming of movements: (1) SMA to the basal ganglia, thence to the thalamus with a collateral line through the substantia nigra, thence to the association cortex; (2) SMA to cerebellar hemisphere via the pontine nuclei, thence to the nucleus dentatus, to the thalamus, to the association cortex, and (3) SMA to association cortex both frontal and parietal. According to the SMA hypothesis the liaison brain for intention is located in the SMA, there being reciprocity of informational flow from the mental events of intention to the neuronal events in the SMA.

show abstract

The Supplementary Motor Area — Control System for Posture?

Cited by 37 publications

References 20 publications

Motion Class Dependency in Observers' Motor Areas Revealed by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Motion Class Dependency in Observers' Motor Areas Revealed by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Pronounced Reduction of Digit Motor Responses Evoked from Macaque Ventral Premotor Cortex after Reversible Inactivation of the Primary Motor Cortex Hand Area

Some Circuit Operations in the Mammalian Brain

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About