The Sweat Test for Quantitation of Electrolytes: A Challenge in Precision

Constantinescu, Michael; Hilman, Bettina C.

doi:10.1093/labmed/27.7.472

Cited by 15 publications

(20 citation statements)

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“…The debate whether or not to accept the MCS method for CF diagnosis is still open (16,17). This prospective study confirmed that in the hands of trained CF Center sweat-test technicians the MCS could produce sufficient sweat collection for both immediate conductivity measurement and later chemical analysis in most subjects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reliability of sweat‐testing by the Macroduct® collection method combined with conductivity analysis in comparison with the classic Gibson and Cooke technique

Mastella¹,

Cesare²,

Borruso³

et al. 2000

Acta Paediatrica

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Macroduct 1 collection method combined with conductivity analysis in comparison with the classic Gibson and Cooke technique. Acta Paediatr 2000; 89: 933-7. Stockholm. ISSN 0803-5253This study was to ascertain the reliability of sweat-testing by the Macroduct collection method combined with conductivity analysis (MCS) compared with the Gibson and Cooke technique (GCT). Sweat stimulation by pilocarpine iontophoresis was identical for both procedures, sweat being collected for 30 min on a filter paper on one forearm and in the coil of the Macroduct 1 collector on the other. Chloride, sodium and potassium concentrations were chemically analysed both on paper-eluted and tube-collected sweat; the latter was also analysed using a conductivity analyser. Chemical analyses were compared with conductivity analyses. This prospective study was carried out on 318 subjects with MCS (118 CFs, 200 controls) and on 305 of them with the GCT (113 CFs, 192 controls). The pilocarpine iontophoresis produced adequate sweat in 96.4% of collections with GCT and in 90.9% with the MCS. Sensitivity and specificity of the Macroduct 1 / conductivity system were comparable to the GCT. No patient detected by the GCT technique was considered negative by conductivity, but one GCT positive was "borderline" with the MCS. Six non-CF subjects identified as negative by the GCT (3.3%) were in the borderline range with the MCS.Conclusion: Sweat-testing by the MCS has acceptable sensitivity and specificity when performed by trained CF sweat-testing technicians. Additional studies will be required to find out if these results can be confirmed in small clinics and hospitals where testing is done infrequently. Wherever the MCS is used all positive or borderline results should be confirmed by the GCT at a reference Cystic Fibrosis Center.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reliability of sweat‐testing by the Macroduct® collection method combined with conductivity analysis in comparison with the classic Gibson and Cooke technique

Mastella¹,

Cesare²,

Borruso³

et al. 2000

Acta Paediatrica

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“…Conversely, sex and aging do not appear to have a large effect on sweat electrolyte concentrations 1 . Interestingly, dietary salt intake and sweat rate do not specifically relate to sweat electrolyte concentrations 9 . Duplicate sentence:…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…9 . Alternatively a container containing a known amount of water is sealed against the skin and sweat is accumulated in solution over a known time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A wearable electrochemical sensor for the real-time measurement of sweat sodium concentration

Schazmann¹,

et al. 2010

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We report a new easier method for the quantitative analysis of sodium in human sweat. To the best of our knowledge this is the first time this has been done successfully in a real-time manner. We consolidate sweat stimulation, collection and analysis functions into a single method. This temporal data opens up new possibilities in the study of human physiology, broadly applicable from assessing athletic performance and hydration levels to monitoring Cystic Fibrosis (CF) sufferers. Our compact Sodium Sensor Belt (SSB) consists of a sodium selective Ion Selective Electrode (ISE) integrated into a platform that can be interfaced with the human body during exercise. No skin cleaning regime or sweat storage technology is required as samples is continually wicked from skin to a sensing surface and on to a waste terminal via a fabric pump. After an initial equilibration period, a sodium plateau concentration was reached and monitored continuously. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) was used as a refe rence method, confirming accuracy. The plateau concentrations observed fell within expected literature ranges, further confirming accuracy. Daily calibration 2 repeatability (n=4) was ±3.0% RSD and over a three month period reproducibility was ±12.1% RSD (n=56). As a further application, we attempted to monitor the sweat of Cystic Fibrosis (CF) sufferers using the same device. We observed high sodium concentrations symptomatic of CF (~60mM Na + ) for 2 CF patients, with no conclusive results for the remaining patients due to their limited exercising capability. The real-time monitoring of hydration levels during physical exercise for health and performance purposes is a particularly promising application for the SSB at present.

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“…In particular for the absorbent patches, the results are known to be affected by volume loss, regional sweat variation, health state, exercise intensity, and environmental conditions. 44 For example, volume loss varies across the body and may show differences of up to 360% at different collection sites. Also, some diseases cause a higher production of sweat, while others inhibit it.…”

Section: Methods To Collect Human Sweatmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can Wearable Sweat Lactate Sensors Contribute to Sports Physiology?

Hoovels¹,

Xuan

Cuartero

et al. 2021

ACS Sens.

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The rise of wearable sensors to measure lactate content in human sweat during sports activities has attracted the attention of physiologists given the potential of these “analytical tools” to provide real-time information. Beyond the assessment of the sensing technology per se , which, in fact, has not rigorously been validated yet in controlled conditions, there are many open questions about the true usefulness of such wearable sensors in real scenarios. On the one hand, the evidence for the origin of sweat lactate (e.g., via the sweat gland, derivation from blood, or other alternative mechanisms), its high concentration (1–25 mM or even higher) compared to levels in the blood, and the possible correlation between different biofluids (particularly blood) is rather contradictory and generates vivid debate in the field. On the other hand, it is important to point out that accurate detection of sweat lactate is highly dependent on the procedure used to collect and/or reach the fluid, and this can likely explain the large discrepancies reported in the literature. In brief, this paper provides our vision of the current state of the field and a thoughtful evaluation of the possible reasons for present controversies, together with an analysis of the impact of wearable sweat lactate sensors in the physiological context. Finally, although there is not yet overwhelming scientific evidence to provide an unequivocal answer to whether wearable sweat lactate sensors can contribute to sports physiology, we still understand the importance to bring this challenging question up-front to create awareness and guidance in the development, validation, and implementation of wearable sensors.

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The Sweat Test for Quantitation of Electrolytes: A Challenge in Precision

Cited by 15 publications

References 0 publications

Reliability of sweat‐testing by the Macroduct® collection method combined with conductivity analysis in comparison with the classic Gibson and Cooke technique

Reliability of sweat‐testing by the Macroduct® collection method combined with conductivity analysis in comparison with the classic Gibson and Cooke technique

A wearable electrochemical sensor for the real-time measurement of sweat sodium concentration

Can Wearable Sweat Lactate Sensors Contribute to Sports Physiology?

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