The symbiont side of symbiosis: do microbes really benefit?

Garcia, Justine R.; Gerardo, Nicole M.

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00510

Cited by 75 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…It has also been suggested that things are not what they seem for the Symbiodinium either. The coral host might be benefiting at the expense of their microbes by capturing and controlling its algal symbionts (Garcia and Gerardo 2014). Wooldridge (2010) suggests that "the coral host exerts a 'controlled parasitism' over its algal symbionts that is akin to an enforced domestication arrangement" with the "…the coral host as an active 'farmer' of the energy-rich photoassimilates from its captive symbionts."…”

Section: The Coral Holobiontmentioning

confidence: 99%

Holobionts and the ecology of organisms: Multi-species communities or integrated individuals?

Skillings

2016

Biol Philos

121

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Abstract:It is now widely accepted that microorganisms play many important roles in the lives of plants and animals. Every macroorganism has been shaped in some way by microorganisms. The recognition of the ubiquity and importance of microorganisms has led some to argue for a revolution in how we understand biological individuality and the primary units of natural selection. The term "holobiont" was introduced as a name for the biological unit made up by a host and all of its associated microorganisms, and much of this new debate about biological individuality has focused on whether holobionts are integrated individuals or communities. In this paper, I show how parts of the holobiont can span both characterizations. I argue that most holobionts share more affinities with communities than they do with organisms, and that, except for maybe in rare cases, holobionts do not meet the criteria for being organisms, evolutionary individuals, or units of selection.

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Section: The Coral Holobiontmentioning

confidence: 99%

Holobionts and the ecology of organisms: Multi-species communities or integrated individuals?

Skillings

2016

Biol Philos

121

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“…Despite its ecological relevance, symbiont strain diversity is easily overlooked when studied using classical microbiological techniques and canonical sequence analysis pipelines (Eren et al ., ), and a comprehensive view on the prevalence and consequences of multiple infections in symbiotic associations is lacking (Douglas, ; Garcia and Gerardo, ). However, thanks to advances in sequencing technologies and molecular data analysis, tools to investigate microbial diversity at a higher resolution have become readily available (Eren et al ., ; Engel et al ., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast to the highly intimate intracellular symbioses usually exhibiting low symbiont strain diversity or even monoclonal symbionts, extracellular and/or facultative symbiotic associations can be of a more dynamic nature, sometimes involving multiple symbiotic strains within individual hosts (Vautrin and Vavre, 2009;Ferrari and Vavre, 2011;Kikuchi et al, 2011;Engel et al, 2014;Garcia and Gerardo, 2014;Kwong et al, 2014;Powell et al, 2016). The maintenance of multiple coinfecting strains might have considerable impact on symbiotic partnerships, especially since metabolic differences may exist even between closely related strains and could thereby affect functional roles within the host (see for example Engel et al, 2014;Kwong et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Symbiont dynamics and strain diversity in the defensive mutualism between Lagria beetles and Burkholderia

Flórez

Kaltenpoth

2017

Environmental Microbiology

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Defensive mutualisms are often facultative in nature, and their evolutionary dynamics can be shaped by changes in local antagonist communities or arms races with coevolving antagonists. Under these conditions, selection may favour hosts that flexibly acquire symbionts producing compounds with bioactivity against current antagonists. Here, we study the prevalence, dynamics and strain diversity of Burkholderia gladioli bacteria in Lagria beetles, a recently described protective symbiosis involving vertical transmission and antifungal defense for the host eggs. In Lagria hirta, we investigate the fate of the bacteria during the host life cycle. Despite a transmission route relying solely on the females, the bacteria are present in both sexes during the larval stage, suggesting a potentially multifaceted defensive role. In L. hirta and L. villosa adults, culture-dependent and -independent techniques revealed that individual beetles harbour diverse Burkholderia strains from at least two different phylogenetic clades, yet all closely related to free-living B. gladioli. Interestingly, rearing the beetles in the laboratory strongly impacted symbiont strain profiles in both beetle species. Our findings highlight the dynamic nature of the B. gladioli-Lagria symbiosis and present this as a valuable system for studying multiple strain coinfections, as well as the evolutionary and ecological factors regulating defensive symbiosis.

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“…The apparent relatedness between microbial community composition in the gut and host phylogeny has been interpreted as evidence of coevolution [39]. Symbiotic gut microbes associated with the host are predicted to evolve host-specific traits and, as a result, display enhanced ecological performances in their host [36,40]. To assess evolution and adaptation of L. reuteri strains to different hosts, the gene content of poultry isolates was analyzed together with that of 40 L. reuteri strains available by NCBI, obtained from different hosts: human (6), rat (1), mouse (3), pig (4), sourdough (4), goat (5), sheep (4), cow (4), horse (3) and poultry (6).…”

Section: Comparative Phylogenetic Analysis Of L Reuteri Strains Frommentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation and comparative genomic analysis of reuterin-producingLactobacillus reuterifrom poultry gastrointestinal tract

Greppi¹,

Asare²,

Schwab³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Lactobacillus reuteri is a natural inhabitant of selected animal and human gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Certain strains have the capacity to transform glycerol to 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde (3-HPA), further excreted to form reuterin, a potent antimicrobial system. Reuterin-producing strains may be applied as a natural antimicrobial in feed to prevent pathogen colonization of animals, such as in poultry, and replace added antimicrobials. To date, only seven L. reuteri strains isolated from poultry have been characterized which limits phylogenetic studies and host-microbes interactions characterization. This study aimed to isolate L. reuteri strains from poultry GIT and to characterize their reuterin production and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles using phenotypic and genetic methods. Seventy reuterin-producing strains were isolated from poultry crop, faeces and caeca and twenty-five selected for further characterization. Draft genomes were generated for the new 25 isolates and integrated in a phylogenetic tree of 40 strains from different hosts. Phylogenetic analysis based on gene content as well as on core genomes showed grouping of the selected 25 L.reuteri poultry isolates within the poultry/human lineage VI. Strains harbouring pducob-cbi-hem genes (23/25) produced between 156 mM ± 11 and 330 mM ± 14 3-HPA, from 600 mM of glycerol, in the conditions of the test. All 25 poultry strains were sensitive to cefotaxime (MIC between 0.016 and 1 µg/mL) and penicillin (MIC between 0.02 and 4 µg/mL). Akin to the reference strains DSM20016 and SD2112, the novel isolates were resistant to penicillin, possibly associated with identified point mutations in ponA, pbpX, pbpF and pbpB. All strains resistant to erythromycin (4/27) carried the ermB gene, and it was only present in poultry strains. All strains resistant to tetracycline (5/27) harbored tetW gene. This study confirms the evolutionary history of poultry/human lineage VI and identifies pdu-cob-cbi-hem as a frequent trait but not always present in this lineage. L. reuteri poultry strains producing high 3-HPA yield may have potential to prevent enteropathogen colonization of poultry.

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The symbiont side of symbiosis: do microbes really benefit?

Cited by 75 publications

References 81 publications

Holobionts and the ecology of organisms: Multi-species communities or integrated individuals?

Holobionts and the ecology of organisms: Multi-species communities or integrated individuals?

Symbiont dynamics and strain diversity in the defensive mutualism between Lagria beetles and Burkholderia

Isolation and comparative genomic analysis of reuterin-producingLactobacillus reuterifrom poultry gastrointestinal tract

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