The synthesis of Fe-containing ionic liquid and its catalytic performance for the dehydration of fructose

Sugar dehydration to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in mixtures of water/[Bmim]Cl catalyzed by iron sulfate

“…Metal chlorides (e.g., FeCl3) as catalyst have already been widely used in ionic liquids for the fructose or glucose conversion. 41,54,55 Zhou et al 55 directly used FeCl3 as catalyst to convert fructose to HMF in [Bmim]Cl medium, and achieved a high HMF yield of 90.8% under 100 o C for 4 h. Liu et al 54 synthesized some Fe-containing ionic liquids catalysts (e.g.,…”

Turning Point toward the Sustainable Production of 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde in Water: Metal Salts for Its Synthesis from Fructose and Inulin

“…These side-reactions are significant in the aqueous medium . Thus, up to now, appreciable HMF yields have been obtained only carrying out the reaction at low substrate loading, in the presence of organic media, , biphasic systems , or ionic liquids. , However, these solvents show both economic and environmental problems, being in most cases high-boiling, expensive and toxic, whereas water remains the best appealing and sustainable medium. Industrial production of HMF is already available and carried out by AVA Biochem, with a monophasic water-based hydrothermal process, which has been optimized and acknowledged as sustainable, efficient and robust and certainly economically advantageous .…”