The Taxonomy, History, and Distribution of Linaria Dalmatica

Alex, J. F.

doi:10.1139/b62-028

Cited by 23 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Linaria dalmatica is a perennial species that was originally introduced to North America (Canada and the US) as an ornamental plant from its native range in Eurasia (Alex 1962;Vujnovic and Wein 1996;Wilson et al 2005). Synonyms of this species include L. dalmatica ssp.…”

Section: Study Organismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…macedonica (Griseb) (Alex 1962;Vujnovic and Wein 1996;Weber and Wittmann 2001;USDA, NRCS 2009a). Due in part to substantial morphological and genetic variation, the taxonomy of L. dalmatica in the introduced and native ranges remains unclear (Alex 1962;Wilson et al 2005; Gaskin personal communication). Adding to this confusion, L. dalmatica can hybridize with L. vulgaris (Ward et al 2009).…”

Section: Study Organismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Soil nitrogen availability and herbivore attack influence the chemical defenses of an invasive plant (Linaria dalmatica; Plantaginaceae)

Jamieson

Bowers

2011

Chemoecology

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Chemical defenses are thought to contribute to the invasion success and impacts of many introduced plants; however, for most of these species, little is known about these compounds and how they vary in natural environments. Plant allelochemical concentrations may be affected by a variety of abiotic and biotic factors, including soil nutrients and herbivores. Moreover, such quantitative variation is likely to play an important role in species interactions involving these invasive plants. The purpose of this study was to examine patterns of variation in iridoid glycoside concentrations of the invasive plant Linaria dalmatica (Plantaginaceae). We conducted a greenhouse experiment to investigate the effect of soil nitrogen availability on iridoid glycoside concentrations. Results from this experiment showed that plant iridoid glycoside concentrations decreased with increased nitrogen availability. Additionally, plants were collected from multiple field sites in order to characterize the influence of population, soil nitrogen availability, and herbivore attack on iridoid glycoside variation. Results from field studies indicated that plants demonstrated considerable seasonal variation, as well as variation within and among populations, with iridoid glycoside concentrations ranging from approximately 1 to 15% dry weight. The relationship between soil nitrogen and plant iridoid glycosides varied among populations, with a strong negative correlation in one population, a marginally significant negative relationship in a second population, and no relationship in the remaining two populations. Additionally, we found a negative relationship between iridoid glycoside concentrations and plant injury by an introduced biocontrol agent, the stem-mining weevil Mecinus janthinus (Cucurlionidae). These results show that plant allelochemical concentrations can vary widely in natural environments and suggest that levels of plant defense may be reduced by increased soil nitrogen availability and herbivore attack in this invasive plant species.

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Section: Study Organismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Study Organismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil nitrogen availability and herbivore attack influence the chemical defenses of an invasive plant (Linaria dalmatica; Plantaginaceae)

Jamieson

Bowers

2011

Chemoecology

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“…dalmatica (L.) Maire & Petitm.] (Plantaginaceae) or Dalmatian toadflax was introduced into North America from Europe near the turn of the 20th century (Alex ) and is a noxious weed of natural areas and dry rangelands in 12 western US states and in two Canadian provinces (USDA‐NRCS ). Linaria dalmatica is native to the Dalmatian coast of the former Yugoslavia to Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Crete, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Syria, Iran and Iraq (Alex ) and has been a target of biological control in North America since the 1960s (Wilson et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Density dependence, precipitation and biological control agent herbivory influence landscape‐scale dynamics of the invasive Eurasian plant Linaria dalmatica

Weed

Schwarzländer

2014

Journal of Applied Ecology

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Summary1. Resource availability and natural enemies are among the most commonly cited mechanisms affecting competitive ability of invasive plants, but their simultaneous effects on plant dynamics are seldom evaluated in the field. Understanding how endogenous and exogenous factors affect invasive plant abundance is essential when evaluating the impact of classical weed biological control agents because misinterpretations of the mechanisms regulating plant demography may bias inference of herbivore impact. 2. In this study, we report results from a citizen-science monitoring programme initiated to evaluate the effects of the stem-mining weevil Mecinus janthiniformis on the Eurasian invasive weed Dalmatian toadflax Linaria dalmatica. We used a discrete model of population dynamics to evaluate the relative importance of endogenous and exogenous processes affecting changes in ramet density of L. dalmatica at 38 spatially replicated sites in Idaho, USA. 3. Analysis of per-capita population growth rates based on ramet density indicated the presence of direct density dependence, which was most likely due to intraspecific competition. Changes in ramet density were not influenced by the abundance of the resident plant community. 4. Precipitation had a strong, positive effect on ramet density of L. dalmatica, while the abundance of M. janthiniformis had a weaker, but significant, negative effect after accounting for the density dependence. There was no support for an interactive effect between precipitation and herbivory. 5. Synthesis and applications. Our results indicate that biological control is an important factor affecting weed population growth at the landscape scale, but they also suggest that biological control impact may vary considerably on local infestations due to site-specific variation in rainfall and density-dependent processes. We recommend that invasive plant management strategies integrate precipitation and biological control agent monitoring into their programmes to estimate expected biological control efficacy. Alternative control methods should be prioritized in areas where herbivore impact is expected to be low.

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“…Observations of toadflax suggest that it tends to invade disturbed areas, open rocky sites, well-drained, coarse-textured soils, and sloped areas, particularly those with a southern aspect (Alex 1962;Robocker 1974;Vujnovic and Wein 1996;Lajeunesse 1999;Rew et al 2005). Experimental studies in mixed-grass prairie have found toadflax to be favored by both low species richness and high nitrogen availability (Maron and Marler 2008;Blumenthal 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Linaria dalmatica invades south-facing slopes and less grazed areas in grazing-tolerant mixed-grass prairie

et al. 2011

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Identifying environments where invasive plants are most invasive is key to understanding causes of invasion and developing effective management strategies. In mixed-grass prairie, invasive plants are often successful in relatively wet, nitrogen-rich areas, and areas protected from grazing. Dalmatian toadflax, a common invader of mixed-grass prairie, can also be favored by high water and nitrogen availability, but is thought to be relatively unpalatable to cattle, and therefore favored by grazing. We used spatiallyadjusted model selection techniques to quantify relationships between toadflax cover (measured using very high-resolution aerial imagery), and relative snow deposition (estimated with a blowing snow model), slope, aspect, soil texture, and grazing intensity (estimated by proximity to water tanks). Toadflax was common throughout the 400 ha study site, occurring in 742 of 1,861 images. Toadflax cover was high on steeper slopes, particularly those with southern aspects. These two topographic variables were more effective in explaining toadflax distribution than modeled snow deposition, suggesting that factors other than snow deposition cause toadflax invasion on southfacing slopes. Toadflax cover was also high in areas further from water tanks, indicating that grazing may inhibit toadflax invasion. More broadly, this result suggests that grazing can reduce invasion of even relatively unpalatable species in ecosystems with long evolutionary histories of grazing.

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The Taxonomy, History, and Distribution of Linaria Dalmatica

Cited by 23 publications

References 2 publications

Soil nitrogen availability and herbivore attack influence the chemical defenses of an invasive plant (Linaria dalmatica; Plantaginaceae)

Soil nitrogen availability and herbivore attack influence the chemical defenses of an invasive plant (Linaria dalmatica; Plantaginaceae)

Density dependence, precipitation and biological control agent herbivory influence landscape‐scale dynamics of the invasive Eurasian plant Linaria dalmatica

Linaria dalmatica invades south-facing slopes and less grazed areas in grazing-tolerant mixed-grass prairie

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