The theory of emotion: I: Emotional attitudes.

Abstract

Universilv of Chicago. * * Acme crying, etc.. Is non-rhythmical; when it does take the form of rhythmical Mbblng, one experience* a sensation of relief-grief ha* * moderated/

Variety is the spice of life: A psychological construction approach to understanding variability in emotion

“…As social artifacts, no emotion category is assumed to be biologically basic and the categories are thought to vary with the particular themes and needs of particular groups of people. Social constructionist views grew out of functionalist accounts of emotion (e.g., Dewey, 1894, 1895; Mead, 1895), and bear some resemblance to early behaviourist models where emotion words were thought to refer to eliciting conditions rather than to some underlying pattern of behaviour and physiology that never varies from instance to instance within a category (e.g., Dashiell, 1928; Dunlap, 1932; Klineberg, 1940; Landis, 1924; Meyer, 1933; Sherman, 1927). As a result of their historical foundations, social constructionist models of emotion tend not consider how variability might arise from the processes within the mind of any particular individual.…”

The Integrated Theory of Emotional Behavior Follows a Radically Goal-Directed Approach

“…Facial expressions are a form of behavior, which is why I expect them to be under the sway of the same goal-directed mechanisms as other behavior (see also Dewey, 1894;Fridlund, 1994). A person may frown instead of physically attack if frowning has a higher utility for goal satisfaction in the current situation than attacking (e.g., frowning can make another person come around without incurring the cost of physical attack).…”

Mental Imagery as the Adaptationist Views It

“…James and Lange (see James, 1890James, /1981 reduced feelings of emotion to patterns of activity and sensation within muscular and autonomic response systems (so that, for example, there would be no special ''anger'' sensation). This view was further developed by Dewey (1894Dewey ( , 1895, who also reduced feelings of effort to felt aspects of the motoric system (Dewey, 1897). The attempt in such cases as these was to integrate personal states into the logic of a cognitive system that was geared to adaptive action.…”