The threshold scale inhibition phenomenon

Cooper, K.G.; Hanlon, L.G.; Smart, Graeme; Talbot, R.E.

doi:10.1016/s0011-9164(00)88526-4

Cited by 28 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 4 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…(1) Threshold inhibition. Threshold scale inhibitors can effectively inhibit scale formation at tiny dosage, even 1,000 times less than a balanced stoichiometric ratio of scaling cations (Cooper 1979). (2) Scale inhibitors molecules can complex with free scaling ions (e.g., Ca 2þ and Mg 2þ ), prevent them from being precipitated via strongly chelation and dispersion effects, keep them suspended in aqueous solution (Zhang et al 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

State of art bio-materials as scale inhibitors in recirculating cooling water system: a review article

Chen

Liu

2022

Water Science and Technology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

During the operation of the circulating cooling water system, the inorganic scale deposition may cause technical problems, such as reduction of heat transfer efficiency in cooling systems and obstruction of pipes. In the industry, chemicals are often used as scale inhibitors in scale deposition control, antiscalants popular in industry are generally phosphorus and nitrogen containing chemicals, which may lead to eutrophication. However, increasing environmental concern and discharge limitations have guided antiscalants to move toward biodegradable, nontoxicity and cost-effectiveness. This paper reviews current researches on application of using bio-materials as scale inhibitors, including proteins and amino acids, polysaccharides, plant extracts, microbial reagents, and microbiological product. The non-bioaccumulation, low cost, readily biodegradability and sustainably available characters promote the development of green scale inhibitor chemistry.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

State of art bio-materials as scale inhibitors in recirculating cooling water system: a review article

Chen

Liu

2022

Water Science and Technology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Their molecular weights are in the range of 1,000-10,000. The mechanism of anti-scaling effect of PAA and phosphonic acid compounds such as amino tris(methylene phosphonic acid) (AMP) was described earlier (Akar and Öz, 1999;Cooper et al, 1979). Organophosphonate compounds such as amino tri(methylene phosphonic acid) (ATMP), ethylene diamine tetra(methylene phosphonic acid), polyaminopolyether methylenephosphonic acid (PAPEMP) and diethylenetriamine penta(methylene phosphonic acid) (DTPMP) (Scheme 1) show threshold scale inhibition performance at lower concentration than PAA (Tang et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Adsorbed antiscalents reinforce the repulsion between the particles; thus, they disperse solids and prevent precipitated crystals to agglomerate and deposit on surfaces (Elliot, 1970). ATMP is very effective anti-scaling compound for preventing CaCO 3 scale formation and is one of the best threshold scale inhibitors around (Cooper et al, 1979) and is superior to polyphosphates, phosphate esters and polyacrylates. Low-molecular-weight PAA is usually used for both anti-scaling and dispersion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymers containing amino bis(methylene phosphonic acid) groups for scale inhibition

Köken

2019

PRT

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to prepare poly[allyl amino bis(methylene phosphonic acid)-ran-acrylic acid]s by two different routes. In the first route, poly(allyl amine-ran-acrylic acid)s were produced by radical copolymerization of a mixture of ally amine and acrylic acid, then converted into poly[allyl amino bis(methylene phosphonic acid)-ran-acrylic acid]s by the Mannich reaction with a mixture of formaldehyde and phosphonic acid. In the second route, allyl amino bis(methylene phosphonic acid) monomer was synthesized and copolymerised with acrylic acid. The aim of this work is to produce low-molecular-weight copolymer with the low amount of nitrogen and phosphorous having better scale inhibiting performance than commercial low-molecular-weight poly(acrylic acid)s. Design/methodology/approach Poly(allyl amine-ran-acrylic acid)s were prepared by radical copolymerisation of a mixture of ally amine and acrylic acid, and the molecular weight of copolymers was regulated by using an effective chain transfer compound and the formed copolymer was reacted with a mixture of formaldehyde and phosphorous acid. Allyl amino bis(methylene phosphonic acid) monomer was prepared and then copolymerised with acrylic acid using radical initiators. Findings Poly[allyl amino bis(methylene phosphonic acid)-ran-acrylic acid] produced with both routes, especially low-molecular weight ones have better anti-scaling performance than low-molecular-weight commercial poly(acrylic acid). Research limitations/implications By using an excess of formaldehyde and phosphonic acid, a limited increase in the conversion of amine groups of poly(allyl amine-ran-acrylic acid) to amino methylene phosphonic acid groups was achieved, so unreacted amine groups were always present in the structure of the final copolymers. Practical implications The low-molecular-weight poly[allyl amino bis(methylene phosphonic acid)-ran-acrylic acid] may be used as a better anti-scaling polymer in industry. Social implications The low-molecular-weight poly[allyl amino bis(methylene phosphonic acid)-ran-acrylic acid] is an alternative polymer for scale inhibition in the water boilers. Originality/value The low-molecular-weight poly[allyl amino bis(methylene phosphonic acid)-ran-acrylic acid] copolymers containing both carboxylic acid and amino bis(methylene phosphonic acid) are more effective anti-scaling additives than poly(acrylic acid)s in water boilers.

show abstract

“…54 The critical parameters for cooling water are: conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), hardness, pH, alkalinity and saturation index. 55 A number of techniques, such as the controlled acidi-cation of sea water, 56 use of anti-scale agents 57,58 and utilization of sponge-ball cleaning, are employed to control scaling. Some amine derivatives have been evaluated as corrosion inhibitors against several industrial media, 59 and they showed inhibition efficiencies in the range of 50-80%.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on the efficiency of some amine derivatives as corrosion and scale inhibitors in cooling water systems

2015

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Corrosion and scaling are the main problems in cooling water systems. To address these problems, this paper aimed to study the inhibition efficiency of some amine derivatives for carbon steel in sea water using electrochemical techniques such as potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The selected compounds, with different structures and sizes, were found to be adsorbed onto the carbon steel surface and had good performance as corrosion and scale inhibitors.Potentiodynamic polarization studies indicate that the amine derivatives act as mixed type corrosion inhibitors, while the data obtained from EIS revealed that the value of the charge transfer resistance (R t ) increased when increasing the inhibitor concentration leading to an increase in the inhibition efficiency.Also, the obtained results from this study show that the selected amines can decrease scale build-up growth under the experimental conditions. The surface morphology of the carbon steel was investigated in the absence and presence of the selected inhibitors through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive analysis of X-rays.

show abstract

The threshold scale inhibition phenomenon

Cited by 28 publications

References 4 publications

State of art bio-materials as scale inhibitors in recirculating cooling water system: a review article

State of art bio-materials as scale inhibitors in recirculating cooling water system: a review article

Polymers containing amino bis(methylene phosphonic acid) groups for scale inhibition

Study on the efficiency of some amine derivatives as corrosion and scale inhibitors in cooling water systems

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About