The Thyroid Hormone Axis and Female Reproduction

Brown, E.; Obeng-Gyasi, Barnabas; Hall, Janet E.; Shekhar, Skand

doi:10.3390/ijms24129815

Cited by 30 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 239 publications

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“…In addition, considering the complexity of endocrine system that controls body processes and functions and the well-known link between thyroid and gonads through the hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal axis [ 33 ], mainly in females but evident also in males [ 34 , 35 ], it appeared of interest to investigate the potential impact of HT on thyroid homeostasis. At present, this is the first in vivo study that explores the potential impact of HT on thyroid.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk assessment of transgender people: implementation of a demasculinizing–feminizing rodent model including the evaluation of thyroid homeostasis

Tammaro,

Lori,

Martinelli

et al. 2024

Biol Direct

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Background Individuals whose gender identity differs from the biological sex and the social norms are defined as transgender. Sometimes transgender undergo gender affirming hormone therapy, which lasts for the entire life making essential to evaluate its potential long-term effects. Moreover, transgender can represent a susceptible sub-group of population and specific attention is needed in risk assessment, including the development of targeted animal models. Aim of the study is the implementation of a rodent demasculinizing–feminizing model through the setting of appropriate dose of hormone therapy and the selection of specific biomarkers to evaluate the sex transition. Specific attention is paid to thyroid homeostasis due to the close link with reproductive functions. Four male adult rats/group were subcutaneously exposed to three doses plus control of β-estradiol valerate plus cyproterone acetate at: 0.045 + 0.2 (low), 0.09 + 0.2 (medium) and 0.18 + 0.2 (high) mg/dose, five times/week. The doses were selected considering the most recent recommendations for transgender woman. Sperm count, histopathological analysis (testis, liver, thyroid), testosterone, estradiol, triiodothyronine and thyroid-stimulating hormone serum levels and gene expression of sex dimorphic CYP450 were evaluated. Results The doses induced feminizing–demasculinizing effects: decreased testosterone serum levels at the corresponding cisgender, increased estradiol, impairment of male reproductive function and reversal of sex-specific CYP liver expression. However, the medium and high doses induced marked liver toxicity and the low dose is considered the best choice, also for long-term studies in risk assessment. The alterations of thyroid indicated follicular cell hypertrophy supported by increased thyroid-stimulating hormone serum levels at the higher doses. Conclusions The implementation of animal models that mimic the effects of gender affirming hormone therapy is essential for supporting clinical studies in transgender people and filling data gap in order to ensure an appropriate risk assessment and a more accurate, personalized care for transgender people.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk assessment of transgender people: implementation of a demasculinizing–feminizing rodent model including the evaluation of thyroid homeostasis

Tammaro,

Lori,

Martinelli

et al. 2024

Biol Direct

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“…This confirms previous findings (Mazzilli et al, 2023;El-Kashlan et al, 2015;La Vignera et al, 2017) demonstrating testicular dysfunction and male infertility in hypothyroidism. Hyperprolactinemia might be the link between the observed primary hypothyroidism and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (Brown et al, 2023) since BPF has been shown to increase circulatory prolactin . Hypothyroidism is associated with an increase in circulatory TRH, which in turn increases circulatory prolactin (Tashjian Jr et al, 1971).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Omega 3 fatty acids preserve testicular function by ameliorating BPF-induced dysthyroidism: role of p53/Bcl-2 signaling and proton pump activities

Odetayo,

Olayaki

2024

JBRA

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Objective: Bisphenol F (BPF) is an endocrinedisrupting chemical, but information about its effect on thyroid hormones has not been fully explored. Omega 3 fatty acids (O3FA), on the other hand, are antioxidant and antiapoptotic agents. Therefore, this study explored the role and associated molecular mechanism of O3FA in BPFinduced hypothyroidism-mediated testicular dysfunction in male Wistar rats.Methods: Twenty (20) male Wistar rats were randomized into four groups (n=5/group), namely: the control group; the BPF treated group (30 mg/kg of BPF); and the intervention groups (30mg/kg BPF + 100mg/kg O3FA (BPF+O3FA-L) and 30mg/kg BPF + 300mg/kg of O3FA for 28 days).Results: Low and high doses of O3FA ameliorated BPF-induced hypothyroidism-mediated reduction in sperm quality, testosterone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, catalase, superoxide dismutase, total antioxidant capacity, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and increases in estrogen, malondialdehyde, c-reactive protein, interleukin 1 beta, caspase 3. Furthermore, O3FA prevented BPF-induced Na+/K+-ATPase and Ca2+-ATPase dysfunction, estrogen receptor beta overexpression, and tumor protein P53 (p53)/ b-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) imbalance.Conclusions: This study showed that O3FA ameliorated BPF-induced dysthyroidism-mediated testicular dysfunction by preventing proton pump dysfunction and p53/BCl-2 imbalance.

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“…Abnormal thyroid function and thyroid diseases will adversely affect female reproductive function and lead to abnormal levels of female sex hormones, which will lead to irregular menstruation, infertility, poor pregnancy outcome and premature ovarian failure. [ 51 ] Interestingly, studies have found that there are sex differences in the incidence of gout, and female estrogen and progesterone can reduce the risk of gout. [ 52 ] It also provides some ideas for us to study the relationship between thyroid disease and gout.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The causal association between thyroid disease and gout: A Mendelian randomization study

Song,

Jia,

et al. 2023

Medicine

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Observational studies have reported some associations between thyroid disease and gout, but the causal relationship between the 2 is not clear. We used Mendelian randomization (MR) Analysis to investigate the causal association between some thyroid diseases (autoimmune hypothyroidism, autoimmune hyperthyroidism, thyroid nodules, and thyroid cancer) and gout. GWAS data were used for analysis. The exposure factors were autoimmune hypothyroidism, autoimmune hyperthyroidism, thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer, and the outcome variables were gout. IVW, MR-Egger, Weighted median and Weighted mode were used for MR analysis. Cochran Q test MR-PRESSO and MR-Egger intercept analysis were used to detect heterogeneity and multi directivity. Autoimmune hypothyroidism has a causal effect on gout, IVW results show (OR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.03–1.21, PFDR = 0.0336); Autoimmune hyperthyroidism has a causal effect on gout, IVW results show (OR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.01–1.12, PFDR = 0.0314); Thyroid cancer has no causal effect on gout, IVW results show (OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.98–1.09, PFDR = 0.297); Thyroid nodules has no causal effect on gout, IVW results show (OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.98–1.08, PFDR = 0.225); Reverse MR Studies show that gout have no causal effect on the above thyroid diseases. Autoimmune hypothyroidism and autoimmune hyperthyroidism increase the risk of gout.

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The Thyroid Hormone Axis and Female Reproduction

Cited by 30 publications

References 239 publications

Risk assessment of transgender people: implementation of a demasculinizing–feminizing rodent model including the evaluation of thyroid homeostasis

Risk assessment of transgender people: implementation of a demasculinizing–feminizing rodent model including the evaluation of thyroid homeostasis

Omega 3 fatty acids preserve testicular function by ameliorating BPF-induced dysthyroidism: role of p53/Bcl-2 signaling and proton pump activities

The causal association between thyroid disease and gout: A Mendelian randomization study

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