“…Since calcification of the tunica media in the arteries rarely extends to the toe arteries, the toe brachial index (TBI) has been used as an index to evaluate impaired blood circulation in the peripheral arteries, and its usefulness has been reported in both diabetic patients 4) and HD patients. 5,6) Some drawbacks of the measurement of the TBI are that it cannot be measured in the presence of involuntary movements, small-muscle cramps, arrhythmias, or blood pressure ≤40 mmHg. Recently, other screening tests have been attempted to determine skin microcirculation adequacies, such as skin perfusion pressure and transcutaneous oxygen tension.…”