The Trained Sniffer Dog Could Accurately Detect the Urine Samples from the Patients with Cervical Cancer, and Even Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia Grade 3: A Pilot Study

Abstract

(1) Background: Previous reports have indicated that cancers of the stomach, lung, and pancreas can be detected by dog sniffing, but results have been varied. Here, a highly trained dog was used to determine whether urine from patients with cervical premalignant lesions and malignant tumors have a cancer-specific scent. (2) Methods: A total of 195 urine samples were collected from patients with cervical cancer, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 (CIN3), benign uterine diseases, and healthy volunteers. Each test was performed using one urine sample from a cancer patient and four samples from different controls. Each of the five urine samples was placed in a separate box. When the cancer sniffing dog stopped and sat in front of the box with a sample from a cancer patient, the test was considered as positive. (3) Results: 83 patients with cervical cancer (34 cases of cervical cancer and 49 cases of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3), 49 patients with uterine benign diseases, and 63 healthy volunteers were enrolled, and their urine samples were collected. In 83 times out of 83 runs in a double-blind test, the trained dog could correctly identify urine samples of cervical cancer patients. (4) Conclusion: A trained dog could accurately distinguish the urine of all patients with cervical cancer or CIN3, regardless of the degree of cancer progression.

Canine Detection of the Volatile Organic Compounds Related to Cervical Cancer Cells

“…Recently another research group in Japan trained a dog to distinguish urine samples from cervical cancer patients from those of the controls, showing that cancer detection by dog sniffing can be a non-invasive, cost-effective screening technique for CC [49]. This report supports our proposal that the canine nose can be used and developed for CC detection.…”

Remote Medical Scent Detection of Cancer and Infectious Diseases With Dogs and Rats: A Systematic Review

“…Cancer detection has received the most attention, with 2/3 of the studies targeting one or more cancers. 5 , 52 - 55 , 57 - 62 , 66 - 69 , 71 - 74 , 77 , 78 , 80 - 82 , 85 - 88 , 91 - 97 , 99 - 101 , 105 The remaining studies targeted tuberculosis, MRSA, 84 Malaria, 36 UTI, 79 Clostridium difficile , 63 , 70 , 83 , 89 , 98 and Covid 19 102 - 104 , 106 - 110 ( Figure 3 ). However, since the Covid-19 outbre...…”

“…Cancer detection has received the most attention, with 2/3 of the studies targeting one or more cancers. 5,52-55,57-62,66-69,71-74,77,78,80-82,85-88,91-97,99-101,105 The remaining studies targeted tuberculosis, MRSA, 84 Malaria, 36 UTI, 79 Clostridium difficile , 63,70,83,89,98 and Covid 19 102-104,106-110 (Figure 3). However, since the Covid-19 outbreak in 2020, already 8 original articles reporting the ability of dogs to detect Covid 19 have been published, and more will possibly follow.…”

“…There are often great discrepancies among results. While some publications report low sensitivities of 0.17 (Gordon et al 54 ) and specificities around 0.29 (Amundsen et al 67 ), others achieve rates of 1 in sensitivity (Horvath et al 55 ; Cornu et al 58 ; Sonoda et al 60 ) and specificity (Sonoda et al 60 ; Yamamoto et al 100 ).…”

“…Cancer detection has received the most attention, with 2/3 of the studies targeting one or more cancers. 5,[52][53][54][55][57][58][59][60][61][62][66][67][68][69][71][72][73][74]77,78,[80][81][82][85][86][87][88][91][92][93][94][95][96][97][99][100][101]105 The remaining studies targeted tuberculosis, MRSA, 84 Malaria, 36 UTI, 79 Clostridium difficile, 63,70,83,89,98 and Covid 19 [102][103][104][106]…”