The transcriptomic profile of Spodoptera frugiperda differs in response to a novel insecticide, cyproflanilide, compared to chlorantraniliprole and avermectin

Abstract

Background Cyproflanilide is a novel chemical that is already undergoing insecticide registration in China and has been categorized as a member of group 30 by the IRAC. Since it was first detected in 2019, the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, has become a serious pest in China. Our laboratory and field efficacy trials indicated that cyproflanilide exhibits high larvicidal activity against FAW. However, the effect of cyproflanilide against FAW remains unknown. And it is worth exploring further before the cyproflanilide becomes commercially available. Results We found larvae exposed to cyproflanilide had significantly shorter body length and higher death rates compared to control larvae. Additionally, we found surviving larvae had a significantly longer developmental period compared to control larvae. The potential molecular mechanisms of cyproflanilide against FAW were investigated using comparative transcriptomic analyses on larval samples subjected to three insecticide treatments, including cyproflanilide and two other commonly used insecticides against FAW in China, chlorantraniliprole and avermectin. We found that several subunits of the γ-aminobutyric acid receptor (GABAR), a possible target protein of cyproflanilide, were significantly up-regulated at the transcriptional level during cyproflanilide-induced stress. Additionally, between the control and cyproflanilide-treated samples, we identified 131 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with detoxification metabolism. Of these, we found four P450 genes that were significantly up-regulated under cyproflanilide stress but were not DEGs when exposed to chlorantraniliprole and avermectin, or 23 other pesticides from previous reports. Furthermore, we discovered an interesting gene aggregation region for insect cuticle proteins (CPs) on the 18th chromosome, which is likely related to FAW cross-resistance to cyproflanilide and avermectin. Conclusions Our results contribute to a greater understanding of the mechanisms by which cyproflanilide affects FAW. Additionally, we identified the similarities and differences in transcriptomic profiling of FAW between the novel insecticide cyproflanilide and two other commonly used insecticides.

Immunomodulatory Activity and Its Mechanisms of Two Polysaccharides from Poria cocos

“…The primer sequences are as listed in Table 2 . The expression levels of mRNA were calculated by using the 2 −ΔΔCt method, and mRNA abundances were normalized by actin-β [ 44 ].…”

Function analysis of CYP321A9 from Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) associated with emamectin benzoate, and a novel insecticide, cyproflanilide detoxification

“…The S. frugiperda population was originally collected from cornfields in Chenzhou City, Hunan Province, China, in May 2019, and has been maintained in our laboratory for more than 3 years without exposure to any insecticides. The larvae of S. frugiperda were reared on an artificial diet as described by Shu et al (2023) in a plastic box (22.4 × 30.5 × 6 cm 3 ). The adults were provided with a 10% sugar solution and kept in an insect rearing cage (35 × 35 × 35 cm 3 ), while the eggs were collected for the next generation.…”

“…All the treatments were kept in the same conditions (26 ± 1 °C, 70 ± 10% RH, 16 h:8 h Light:Dark photoperiod). Larvae were considered dead if they did not make any physical reaction when touched multiple times with a brush (Shu et al 2023). Then the mortality of larvae was recorded after 48 h.…”

Synthetic Approaches to the 2019–2020 New Agrochemicals

“…Both products are propesticides, 45 as broflanilide and cyproflanilide are metabolized by CYP 450 -mediated bioactivation to the corresponding N-demethylated and N-decyclopropylmethylated active principles. 5 Cyproflanilide ( 30) is highly active against important insect species, such as Chilo suppressalis (Asiatic rice borer), 46 Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm) 47 and Aphis gossypii (cotton aphid). 48 The synthesis of cyproflanilide ( 30) starts from the decafluorinated aniline 32, 49 which reacts with a disubstituted benzoyl chloride to afford the amide 33.…”