The tribology of cutting tools during finish machining. I

An Evaluation of Ploughing Models for Orthogonal Machining

“…2 and is inclined to the cutting velocity direction (see Fig. 2 (19) Though inclined, the angle is small enough that the indenter is still considered blunt based on the definitions and results found in [34]. Equations (16), (17), and (18) are used along with a shear flow stress k to estimate an indenting force P. Although the indenter model is derived for a frictionless case, it is assumed that the normal load is unchanged by friction and that a friction force Q, which acts over the same area, is again determined by assuming adhesive contact and a friction factor m…”

“…The first studies on a ploughing component of cutting forces in orthogonal machining were presented by Masuko [1] and Albrecht [2], who found ploughing forces to be considerable, though many of their methods and conclusions have been seriously questioned. Since then a number of other authors have attempted to clarify the existence and importance of ploughing forces [3][4][5][6][7][8][9] and to link them with the concepts of cutting process dynamics [10][11][12][13][14], machined surface quality [15,16], and worn tool forces [7,[17][18][19]. Much disagreement and debate has ensued, leaving the issue unresolved and an accepted model of ploughing unformulated.…”