“…Pollution from the Volga River in Russia, coastal discharges of industrial and agricultural chemicals in all five littoral states (Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Turkmenistan), oil development using antiquated technology in the offshore zone of Azerbaijan, introduction of alien species, and widespread poaching of sturgeon and other valuable species are among the principal transboundary issues affecting the Caspian Sea Basin. Complicating these transboundary issues are the unresolved legal status of the water body itself (7) and the complex geopolitics of developing and exporting the basin's oil and gas resources (8).…”